7. Body small, not exceeding 2 to 3 mm. in diameter, en- 
closed in a thin transparent shell with a fringe of se- 
cretion around margin ee ae Asterolecanium, in part 
Body not enclosed in a shell, mostly considerably larger, 
ASTRNTTAR OV SIN OVC geo cetera) oe Teen oe aioe 1S ere ete ee Smee 8 
8. Adult female at maturity with body remaining soft, 
fringed at hind end with a large ovisac showing con- 
SICUOUS ILC Ss eee eee eee are Icerya 
Body at maturity becoming hard and eventually brittle ; 
ovisac, if present, loosely formed, not fluted . 7 9 
9. Witha short, stout posterior ovisac . _.... Pulvinaria 
Body naked ‘at maturity, eggs deposited beneath it 
Lecanium 
FAMILY MARGARODIDAE 
MARGARODID SCALES 
Margarodid scales occur throughout most of the earth and vary 
greatly in their habits. Some species feed in exposed positions on 
their hosts; others beneath the bark or in gall-like pits on the 
leaves, branches, trunks, or roots. Some species have only one or 
a few hosts; others have many. Eggs may be deposited in an in- 
ternal pouch or marsupium; in a posterior ovisac; within a gall- 
like pit or heavy-walled tent in which the female develops; or in 
loose cottony materials beneath the female’s body. Morrison (544) 
published a classification of the family. 
The red-pine scale, Matsucoccus resinosae Bean and Godwin, 
probably an introduced species, was first recorded in North 
America at Easton, Connecticut, in 1946. Since then it has spread 
slowly and now also occurs on Long Island, in southeastern New 
York, and in northern New Jersey. Red pine is its only known 
native host. Other recorded hosts are three species of imported 
ornamental pines: Chinese, Japanese red, and Japanese black 
(322). 
Eggs of the summer generation are laid in May in bark crevices 
or under bark scales and hatch by the first of June. First-stage 
larvae move around for a brief period and then settle down under 
bark scales until they become full-grown (fig. 24). Adults emerge 
in early August and lay eggs in late August or early September. 
Hatching occurs soon thereafter. The winter is apparently spent 
as first-instar larvae. Growth is resumed in the spring, and adults 
emerge by May (46). 
The red-pine scale is one of the most destructive insect pests of 
red pine in the Northeast. Thousands of trees ranging in size 
from nursery stock to mature trees have been killed, and many 
more have been severely injured (44). The foliage of infested 
trees turns olive green, then yellow, and, finally, brick red when 
the trees die. The bark on the branches and trunks of heavily in- 
fested trees appears swollen and cracked and there is a patch of 
dead tissue beneath each feeding scale. 
Several species of predators attack the scale but none have been 
effective in control. Low winter temperatures of —10° F. are 
almost entirely fatal to the species. This may prevent its spread 
95 
