hatched larvae are quite active. Some crawl to the undersurface 
of leaves where they settle down and feed; others settle down on 
twigs and branches. During late fall those on the leaves migrate 
back to the bark and settle in crevices where they spend the 
winter. There is only one generation per year. 
The European elm scale is often very injurious, especially to 
young or transplanted elms. Heavy losses have been reported from 
many communities in the Midwest. Sooty mold developing in 
honeydew secreted by the scale also reduces the beauty of surviv- 
ing trees. Thompson (712) discussed methods of control. 
FAMILY PSEUDOCOCCIDAE 
MEALYBUGS 
Members of this family are known as mealybugs because of the 
mealy or waxy secretions that cover their bodies. Females are 
elongate-oval and have segmented bodies and well developed legs. 
Some species lay eggs; others give birth to living young. Mc- 
Kenzie (490) discussed the taxonomy and biology of the group. 
Phenacoccus acericola King, the maple phenacoccus, an intro- 
duced species, occurs throughout the Northeastern, Central, and 
Lake States. Its preferred host appears to be sugar maple, but it 
has also been found on hornbeam, basswood, and horse chestnut. 
Adults are about 5 mm. long and are covered with masses of 
cottony wax. Evidence of infestation is the presence of cottony 
masses on the undersides of leaves during the summer. The winter 
is spent as a partly grown nymph in a hibernaculum beneath a 
flake of bark. There are three generations per year. This species 
is usually not very important, although it may damage shade 
trees. Other tree-infesting species in the genus include Peliococcus 
serratus Ferris which feeds on birch in the Northeastern States 
and P. dearnessi King which occurs on hawthorn in the Lake 
States. 
Dysmicoccus cuspidatae (Rau.) attacks all species of Taxus in 
the Northeast and Midwest. Infestations have also been recorded 
on basswood, cedar, maple, and rhododendron. Females are 9 to 
10 mm. long and 5 mm. wide and are covered with white wax 
through which reddish body fluids show in longitudinal lines. The 
winter is spent in the first nymphal instar in bark crevices or 
under waxy secretions left by previous year adults. There appears 
to be only one generation per year (in New York State). The 
branches and trunks of heavily infested trees are often completely 
covered with these insects and their white, waxy secretions. Con- 
tinuous heavy infestations stunt the growth or kill Tazus in nur- 
series and ornamental plantings. 
An infestation of Dysmicoccus obesus (Lob.) was reported in 
a 15-year-old ornamental planting of loblolly pine in Delaware. 
Infested trees were spindly, short, and the foliage was sparse and 
off-color. Conspicuous white powdery deposits occurred in cracks 
and crevices of the bark on the lower four feet of the trunks of 
infested trees (534). 
Spilococcus juniperi (Ehrh.) [=Pseudococcus juniperi Ehrh.] 
is a serious pest of native red cedars in ornamental plantings in 
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