fertilize immature females. During May the females migrate to 
the undersides of leaves and complete their development. A mass 
Eggs deposited in the sac hatch in June. The nymphs feed on the 
of white cottony threads is secreted which forms the egg sac. 
leaves until late fall and then migrate to the branches where they 
spend the winter. There is one generation per year (12). 
Pulvinaria floccifera (W.) feeds on Taxus in the Northeast and 
Midwest. Adult females are pale yellow above and reddish-brown 
or brightly ochreous below. The undersides of branches of heavily 
infested plants become covered with irregular, white, cottony 
masses. Damage is occasionally severe in the Northeast. 
The magnolia scale, Neolecaniuwm cornuparvum (Thro), occurs 
throughout Eastern United States and feeds almost exclusively on 
various species of magnolia. This is one of the largest and most 
conspicuous scale insects found in the United States. Adult fe- 
males are about 12 mm. in diameter; elliptical; dark, shining 
brown; convex; smooth; and covered with a white waxy bloom 
(fig. 28). The nymphs are small, flat, and blackish with a waxy 
bloom. The winter is spent as a first-instar nymph on the newer 
wood. Females become mature by late July and early August as 
far north as Ohio and give birth to living young. The latter move 
to the current year’s twig growth where they settle down and 
feed. Sometimes they are abundant enough to cover many 
branches of the tree. There is one generation a year. Heavily in- 
fested trees may be seriously weakened, and, if infested continu- 
ously for several years, are killed. Heavily infested trees are also 
rendered unsightly by sooty mold developing in honeydew secreted 
by the scale. 
The tuliptree scale, Towmeyella liriodendri (Gmelin), occurs 
from New York and Connecticut to Florida and westward to the 
Mississippi River Valley. It has also been recorded in California. 
Yellow poplar is the preferred host (fig. 29), but the scale also 
attacks basswood, native and cultivated magnolias, persimmon, 
loblolly-bay, buttonbush, catalpa, and walnut. Mature females are 
dark brown, about 8 mm. in diameter and approximately hemi- 
spherical when not crowded. Males are small, inconspicuous, dark 
brown, and two-winged. Young scales are very small and range 
from gray to black. 
Winter is spent as a second-instar larva in regions as far north 
as Pennsylvania and Ohio, and in all developmental stages in the 
Deep South. Male scales emerge first in the spring and mate with 
partially grown females. The female gives birth to living young 
in the fall. Newly-hatched larvae are very active and crawl over 
most of the host. During the winter they are usually found on the 
less exposed areas of branches and on the trunks of saplings, 
usually on wood less than 4 years old. 
The lower branches of mature trees and entire trees up to 5 
inches in diameter may be killed by heavy infestations. The ter- 
minal shoots of surviving saplings are often killed, leading to 
crooks which makes the trees worthless for future use as veneer 
or lumber. Black sooty mold developing in honeydew excreted by 
the scale detracts from the attractiveness of shade trees (200). 
The pine tortoise scale, Towmeyella numismatica (P. & McD.), 
occurs in southeastern Canada and from New York and New 
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