centage of the trees may die following one or two seasons of 
attack. 
Heavy infestations of the pine tortoise scale are frequently 
wiped out by various species of coccinellid beetles. Hyperaspis 
congressis is especially effective. Several other species including 
Hyperaspis signata, Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., Scymnus lacus- 
tris, are also important in different parts of the scale’s range. The 
larva of the moth, Laetilia coccidivora, is also effective at times. 
Toumeyella sp. near numismaticum feeds on Virginia pine in 
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland; T. pini (King) has 
been recorded feeding on mugho and Scotch pines in Pennsyl- 
vania, Connecticut, Michigan, and Florida; and T. parvicornis 
(Ckll.) has been observed feeding on pines in Alabama. 
The terrapin scale, Lecanium nigrofasciatum Perg. occurs in 
southern Canada and over most of the eastern part of the United 
States. Its preferred hosts appear to be the maples, sycamore, 
boxelder, and hawthorn; however, it also attacks many other 
forest and shade trees such as ash, mulberry, birch, cottonwood, 
redbud, basswood, and live oak. Mature females are convex, oval, 
and about 2 mm. in diameter. The body is dark reddish-brown, 
smooth and shining, and has 10 or 12 dark radiating bands ex- 
tending from the high center of the dorsum to the crimped or 
fue edges of the body. Males are two-winged and about 1 mm. 
ong. 
Partly grown females overwinter attached to branches. Growth 
is completed in the spring and the female gives birth to living 
young from early June to mid-July. The young scales migrate to 
the leaves and settle on the midrib or larger veins on the under- 
surfaces. They remain here for about 6 weeks and then move back 
to the branches. Male adults emerge and mate with immature fe- 
males. The latter continue their growth until cold weather and 
hibernate. There is one generation per year. 
The terrapin scale is most important as a pest of shade trees 
because it frequently appears in great numbers and seriously re- 
duces the vitality of affected trees. The twice-stabbed lady beetle 
exerts a considerable degree of control. 
The European fruit lecanium, Lecaniwm corni (Bouché), also 
commonly known as the brown elm scale, is widely distributed in 
the United States and southern Canada. It feeds on a wide variety 
of forest, shade, and fruit trees. Important species include elm, 
maple, yellow-poplar, white and black oaks, sycamore, beech, bass- 
wood, hickory, mulberry, walnut, black and honey locusts, hack- 
berry, poplar, ash, magnolia, aborvitae, and juniper. Mature fe- 
males are dark brown to reddish, circular to oval, strongly convex, 
3.5 to 6 mm. in diameter, and often covered with whitish powder. 
Living specimens are soft and plastic; at death the body becomes 
a hard, brown shell loosely attached to the bark. 
Eggs are laid in early summer. Newly-hatched larvae crawl to 
the undersurfaces of leaves and congregate near the veins. They 
remain here until late summer and then they migrate to the bark 
of small branches where they spend the winter. Two generations 
per year have been recorded as far north as Pennsylvania. Dam- 
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