The black pine-leaf scale, Nuculaspis californica (Coleman), oc- 
curs over most of North America and feeds on many different 
species of conifers. Mature female scales are yellowish-brown to 
black and almost circular in shape. They are about 1.5 mm. in 
diameter, and there is a small elevated nipple in the center. Their 
first winter is spent as partly-grown females attached to the 
needles. “Crawlers” appear in late spring and move to the old 
needles to feed. A second generation appears in midsummer and 
feeds on needles of the current season. Damage has been serious 
in nurseries and plantations and to natural reproduction in the 
Lake States. Heavily infested needles become desiccated and die. 
ane twice-stabbed lady beetle is an important enemy in the Lake 
tates. 
The juniper scale, Carulaspis (=Diaspis) caruelt (Targ.), oc- 
curs in southern Canada and throughout the United States. It is 
primarily a pest of juniper but also feeds on arborvitae, incense- 
cedar, and cypress. The female scale is white with a yellow center, 
circular and slightly convex, and about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Male 
scales also are white, but are long, narrow, and smaller than the 
females. Only fertilized females overwinter. Egg laying begins in 
May and hatching occurs during June. Newly-hatched larvae or 
“crawlers” migrate to feeding sites. Once they begin to feed they 
never move again. There is one generation per year. 
The juniper scale is also a serious pest of ornamental ever- 
greens. It feeds on many different parts of its hosts including 
the needles, twigs, and cones. Heavily infested plants make poor 
growth and become grayish-brown in appearance. 
The evonymus scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), a common 
and serious pest of deciduous and evergreen Euonymus, probably 
occurs wherever its hosts grow in the United States. Mature fe- 
male scales are grayish-brown, roughly pear-shaped, and from 
1.6 to 2 mm. long. Males are snow white, somewhat narrower 
than the females, and have three longitudinal ridges. Mature 
females overwinter. First brood larvae appear from early to late 
spring; a second brood appears in July. There are two to three 
generations per year, depending on locality. Plants are often 
heavily infested, the stems and leaves being practically covered 
by the scales (fig. 33). 
The camphor scale, Pseudaonidia duplex (Ckll.), a probable in- 
troduction into Louisiana from Japan around 1920, is now known 
to occur also in Texas, Mississippi, and Alabama. Its hosts include 
more than 200 species of plants, but the camphor tree is the most 
seriously injured. Uncrowded female scales are nearly circular, 
convex, have a subcentral nipple, and are about 1.5 mm. in 
diameter. There is no well-defined hibernation period, and egg 
laying probably begins as early as January. There are three gen- 
erations per year. 
Fiorinia externa Ferris has been recorded from New York, 
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Mary- 
land, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Its hosts are listed as 
Canadian, Carolina, and Japanese hemlocks, also fir, spruce, and 
yew (703). All developmental stages of both sexes are present 
throughout the year. Two generations per year have been re- 
ported from Maryland and Connecticut. Infested hemlock takes 
dled 
