about 9 mm. long. They feed mostly on the new needles of various 
pines, eating notches in them just above the sheath and causing 
the ends to die. Heavily infested trees become brownish or scorched 
in appearance. Needle browning was recorded in several thousand 
acres of young loblolly pines in southeastern North Carolina in 
1959 and 1960. The base of the damaged needle usually survives, 
however, and the needle grows to about one-half its normal length. 
The winter is spent in the larval stage several inches deep in the 
soil. Pupation occurs in the spring, and the adults emerge in June 
or earlier. Eggs are deposited in the soil near their pine hosts. 
Hatching occurs in 10 to 15 days and the larvae feed on the roots 
of various plants, including trees, until the onset of cold weather. 
There is one generation per year. 
Infestations of the pine chafer tend to occur in open pine 
stands and plantations. Numerous outbreaks have occurred in the 
Lake States and South during recent years. The majority were 
short-lived and limited in size, but several were quite extensive 
and lasted for several years. Pachystethus lucicola (F.), occurs 
from New England to the Lake States and Kentucky. It severely 
damaged larch seedlings in a nursery in New York. 
The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm., an introduced 
species first recorded in North America near Riverton, New Jer- 
sey in 1916, now occurs in all or parts of at least 14 States from 
New Hampshire and Vermont to North Carolina and Ohio. Spot 
infestations have also been recorded in many other States and in 
Ontario and Nova Scotia, Canada. The adult is broadly oval and 
nearly 12 mm. long. The body is a bright, metallic green; the legs, 
a darker green; and the elytra, a coppery brown. There are two 
small tufts of white hairs just behind the wing covers and five 
patches of white hairs on each side. The wing covers are shorter 
than the abdomen. Full grown larvae are about 25 mm. long, . 
typically grub-shaped, and have the last two rows of spines on 
the underside of the iast abdominal segment arranged in the 
shape of a V. 
The Japanese beetle feeds on the foliage, flowers, and fruits of 
a wide variety of plants. Many species of forest and shade trees 
are subject to defoliation, especially Japanese and Norway 
maples, horse chestnut, sycamore, gray birch, walnut, Lombardy 
poplar, basswood, mountain-ash, and American, English, and Chi- 
nese elms. Feeding is usually confined to young, tender leaves. 
Damaged leaves may be skeletonized or they may also have large, 
irregular holes chewed out. In heavily infested areas, the trees 
may be almost entirely defoliated. The larvae may also seriously 
damage the roots of ornamental nursery stock. 
The winter is spent in the larval stage in the soil. Pupation 
occurs in early spring, and the adults emerge from late May to 
early July. They are gregarious and are often found feeding in 
masses on certain plants, while nearby plants are uninfested. 
Female beetles enter the soil to depths of 1 to 4 inches to deposit 
their eggs. Moist, loamy soil covered with closely cropped grass is 
a favorite site. There may be two generations per year in the 
southern parts of the species’ range. Farther north, the life cycle 
may require two years. bi 
Disease pathogens, especially the bacterium, Bacillus popilliae 
Dutky, often destroy large numbers of the larvae. Several intro- 
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