georgiana LeC. are often found in association with C. virginien- 
sis. Adults of C. liberta are copper or brass-colored, while those 
of C. georgiana are golden-bronze. 
The Chalcophorella campestris Kerr., flatheaded sycamore-heart- 
wood borer, breeds in injured, dying, or dead sycamore, beech, 
oak, maple, yellow-poplar, and basswood, preferably in moist, 
rotting logs. The larvae resemble those of Chalcophora virginiensis 
except that they are longer, and the dorsal thoracic plate is 
marked with a V or U instead of a Y. This species often attacks 
at axe blazes and wounds and frequently riddles the wood beneath 
with its tunnels. 
The genus Dicerca Esch. contains many species that breed in 
dead and dying trees and logs. The adults are dark-gray to brown, 
medium-sized, metallic beetles. The head is flat, the pronotum 
is wider than long and grooved or ridged down the middle, the 
scutellum is very small, the hind coxae are strongly dilated, and 
the elytra are extended into tail-like appendages. A few of the 
more common eastern species and some of their hosts are as fol- 
lows: D. divaricata (Say)—various dead, dying, or' injured hard- 
woods; D. obscura (Fab.)—various dead hardwoods; D. punc- 
tulata (Schon.)—various pines (often common around saw- 
mills) ; D. lurida (Fab.)—hickory, blue beech, and basswood; D. 
tenebrosa (Kirby)—pines and spruce; and D. tenebrica (Kby.) 
poplar and willow. 
The genus Melanophila Eschs. consists of small to medium- 
sized beetles, the larvae of which bore in the inner bark and 
outer wood of their hosts. The majority of species attack very 
slow-growing, dying, or recently felled trees and are of no eco- 
nomic importance. In the West, certain species are strongly at- 
attracted to fires and are known as “fire bugs.” Sloop (653) pub- 
lished a revision of the North American members of the genus. 
The hemlock borer, Melanophila fulvoguttata (Harris), occurs 
throughout eastern United States and eastern Canada. Hemlock 
appears to be the preferred host, but it also occasionally attacks 
several other conifers such as white pine, larch, balsam fir, and 
red, white, and black spruces. The adult is black with a metallic 
sheen and about 10 mm. long. Each elytron usually bears three 
equal-sized orange or yellow spots. 
Adults appear from late spring to late summer and deposit 
their eggs in groups deep in bark crevices on weakened, dead, 
and dying trees or on logs and windthrown trees in which the 
cambium is still moist. The larvae bore into the inner phloem 
and, if conditions are not favorable for their development, they 
remain here until they die. Under more favorable growth con- 
ditions they penetrate to the cambium region and construct tor- 
tuous, frass-filled galleries (fig. 51). Before becoming full-grown, 
they construct cells in the outer bark in which they spend the 
winter. The life cycle may be completed in one year in dead trees 
and logs. In living trees, several years may be required. 
Management practices designed to promote rapid growth and 
good health of hemlock trees should be helpful in preventing dam- 
age by the hemlock borer. Rapid salvage or cutting of heavily in- 
fested trees is helpful in preventing population build-up in stands 
weakened by windthrow or defoliation (470). 
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