on living poplars; P. thureuwra (Say) breeds beneath the bark at 
wounds on willow; Agrillaxia flavimana (Gory) breeds in the 
small branches of white oak; and Cinyra gracilipes (Melsh) 
breeds in the dead branches of oak and ironwood. 
FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE 
LONG-HORNED BEETLES OR ROUNDHEADED BORERS 
The family Cerambycidae is one of the largest and most im- 
portant of the families of wood-boring beetles. More than 1400 
species have been recorded from the United States, about 450 
of which occur east of the Mississippi River (221). Knull (431, 
482) listed 262 species either known or believed to occur in Ohio 
alone. Fattig (232) discussed the species occuring in Georgia. The 
majority of species breed in the dead wood of trees and shrubs 
but many, including some of the most destructive ones, attack 
either slightly weakened or healthy trees and other plants. 
Th larvae of all but a few members of the family live as borers 
in the tissues of trees and other woody plants. Almost no part of 
a tree of any age or size is immune to infestation by some species. 
The twigs, branches, and stems of sprouts and seedlings and the 
twigs of branches of mature trees are girdled and severed. The 
sapwood and heartwood of large limbs and trunks of living trees 
are often riddled and weakened, leading to windbreakage or death. 
Species that feed under the bark of living trees may weaken and 
kill their hosts, or cause defects and stains which seriously de- 
grade lumber value. Species that attack recently felled trees, logs, 
or seasoned timber also cause heavy losses. Not all species are 
harmful, however, Many of those that attack slash, stumps, and 
dead and dying trees are actually beneficial, because they aid in 
the quick removal of such waste material from the forest floor 
and aid its incorporation into humus. 
Cerambycid beetles are distinguished by their oblong, often 
cylindrical bodies, their long, usually 11-segmented antennae, 
and their long legs. The tarsi are five-segmented, with the fourth 
segment small and partly concealed by the bilobed third seg- 
ment. The beetles move rapidly when disturbed and are strong 
fliers. Some species make squeaking noises when captured. 
COURTESY OF DUKE UNIV. SCH. OF FOREST. 
FIGURE 52.—Typical larva of a roundheaded borer. 
170 
