especially subject to attack. Adults are light brown with spots of 
lighter fine hairs, and are about 26 mm. long (fig. 56). There are 
two small tubercles on the disk of the thorax and one triangular 
spot at its rear. The elytra are notched at the apex, and the 
sutural angles are produced into spines. 
~ 
~—- 
BARS 
B= 2 ae “<3 
La ne F-520106 
: FIGURE 56.—Adult of Enaph- 
a ee alodes rufulus, the red oak 
s borer. 
Eggs are deposited singly on living trees over 2 inches in di- 
amter in bark crevices or beneath lichen patches during the sum- 
mer. Young larvae bore directly into the phloem, and they feed 
there during the remainder of the summer, excavating cave-type 
burrows about one-half inch square. The larvae spend the winter 
in these burrows and continue their phloem feeding in the spring. 
In early summer, they bore into the wood and direct their tunnels 
obliquely upward in the sapwood and straight upward in the 
heartwood for distances of 6 to 10 inches. The second winter is 
also spent in the larval stage, with pupation occurring in the 
spring. The life cycle requires 2 years. Granular frass pushed out 
from points of attack and wet spots caused by sap leakage are 
evidence of attack. 
A large percentage of the large oaks in the Eastern, Southern, 
and Central States are attacked by this species, resulting in 
serious defects and serious degrade in the timber. Ants and fungi 
entering the wounds add to the injury. Occasionally, branches 
and entire trees are killed. Damage is severe in forest stands and 
to valuable shade trees in parks and cities. Damage to upland 
oaks in the Central States can be reduced by poisoning borer- 
infested trees with a herbicide after egg laying is completed in 
August. Larval mortality occurs in a short time if the tree is 
deadened while they are still feeding in the phloem. This can 
be accomplished during ordinary stand-improvement operations, 
because the trees selected for removal in this work are the very 
ones most likely to be heavily infested (326). 
Einaphalodes cortiphagus (Craighead), the oak-bark scarrer, 
breeds in the bark of living, mature oaks throughout eastern United 
States and westward through the Ozark Mountains. Adults are 
dark brown with patches of short, gray, fine hairs on the head, 
pronotum, and elytra and are about 20 mm. long. Eggs are de- 
posited in bark crevices in the spring, and the larvae feed in 
the bark for upwards of three years. At the end of this period 
they bore deeper into the bark and excavate a large pupal cell. 
181 
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