recently felled conifers, or in lumber with the bark on. It is espe- 
cially common in dead pines in the South. The adult is flattened, 
bright metallic blue or bluish-black, and from 9 to 14 mm. long 
(fig. 66A). Male antennae are somewhat shorter than the body; 
the thorax is rounded, with depressions on each side of the mid- 
dle; and the legs are black with large femora. 
F-519946, (B, COURTESY DUKE UNIV. SCH. OF FORESJ.) 
FIGURE 66.—The black-horned pine borer, Callidium antennatum hesperum: 
A, adult; B, larval galleries under the bark and in the wood. 
Adults appear early in the spring and deposit their eggs be- 
beneath bark scales on dead trees or on cut wood that has sea- 
soned over winter. The larvae feed in the phloem and outer 
sapwood making broad, wavy tunnels in the wood (fig. 66B) and 
pushing large quantities of frass through small holes in the bark. 
Pupation occurs in the wood in long cells plugged with wads of 
fibrous frass. There is usually one generation per year. 
This species frequently causes serious losses to improperly 
edged lumber in lumber yards. Rustic work and houses built of 
pine logs are also subject to serious damage, the wood being badly 
riddled and weakened and the bark so loosened that it falls away. 
Prompt utilization of logs, the removal of wane on sawn lumber, 
and kiln drying are recommended methods of control. 
Callidium texanum Schaeffer, the black-horned juniper borer, 
breeds in various conifers, preferably juniper and cedar, through- 
out the United States. Its habits are similar to those of the black- 
horned pine borer. Other eastern species include: C. schotti, 
Schffr. which breeds in the dead branches of cedar in the Midwest, 
and C. violaceum (L.) which occurs in red spruce in New York. 
The genus Acanthocinus Stephens contains a number of species 
commonly known as pine-bark borers. The adults are elongate, 
rather flattened, and from 12 to 28 mm. long. They are also usu- 
ally black and mottled or striped with grayish-white or brown 
pubescence. The basal joints of male antennae are fringed be- 
neath with hairs, and the ovipositor of the female is characteris- 
tically extended. 
195 
