Adults appear during mid-summer and deposit their eggs 
singly but close together deep in either solid or decayed wood. 
Attacks on living trees are usually made at places where the 
wood is exposed such as at scars, wounds, or broken branches. 
The larvae feed in the wood for 8 or 4 years. Although the wood 
may be completely honeycombed, a covering shell of sapwood is 
always left intact. Pupation occurs in a cell in the wood. Many 
of the adults do not emerge from the wood but mate and lay eggs 
in the cavities in which they are working. In living wood, the 
wounds where the larvae gain entry will often heal over, leaving 
no external signs of attack. Shade trees, telephone and telegraph 
poles, and structural wood in moist locations or in contact with 
the ground are subject to severe damage. A considerable degree 
of protection of valuable shade trees can be provided by keeping 
them healthy, by the removal or treatment of exposed dead and 
decaying wood, and by covering pruning scars with paint. 
The cedar tree borer, Semanotus ligneus (F.), occurs through- 
out the United States. Practically all species of conifers are sub- 
ject to attack, but dying and recently felled cedars and junipers 
are preferred. Adults are dark brown to black and from 7 to 16 
mm. long. The thorax is rounded and hairy, except for several 
bare spots on the disk. The elytra are sometimes black, but are 
usually dark blue with yellow or orange markings. 
Eggs are deposited beneath bark scales in the spring. The 
larvae feed first beneath the bark, scarring the wood deeply. 
Then, they bore into the sapwood and occasionally the heartwood. 
There is one generation per year. The related species, Semanotus 
litigiosa (Casey), has been recorded from eastern United States 
but is primarily western in distribution. Its hosts include several 
species of true firs, Douglas-fir, larch, plus several spruces. Male 
adults are usually all black, whereas females are black marked 
with orange. 
The genera Asemum Esch. and Arhopalus Serville contain a 
number of species that breed in the sapwood and heartwood of 
the stumps of felled trees and in the lower portions of dying 
trees. When abundant, the larvae may destroy large portions of 
the sapwood. Asemum striatum (L.) and Arhopalus rusticus ob- 
soletus (Rand.) are common eastern species. 
Tragosoma desparius (L.), the hairy pine borer, occurs from 
coast to coast in southern Canada and the Northern States. It also 
occurs southward through the Appalachians in the Eastern States 
where it breeds in various dead conifers. The adult is a heavy, 
shiny dark brown beetle from 20 to 40 mm. long. The underside 
of the body is very hairy, and the elytra are ridged. Larvae are 
tough-skinned and have four teeth on the front of the head. Occa- 
sionally crossties, poles, and timbers in contact with the ground 
are seriously damaged. 
Atimia confusa (Say), the small cedar-bark borer, breeds in 
dying cedars, junipers, and related trees throughout the Eastern 
and Central States. The adult is small, stoutish, and about 9 mm. 
long. The head, pronotum, elytra, and venter are black. The dor- 
sum is clothed with recumbent, fine gray hairs, and the elytra 
are notched at the apices. Adults appear in early spring and 
again in early fall and deposit their eggs beneath bark scales. The 
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