throughout the Southeastern and Southern States. From 1948 to 
1966 over a billion board feet of pine timber was killed during 
a series of outbreaks in the Southern States (fig. 86). It also 
occurs as far west as Arizona and south to Honduras. During a 
catastrophic outbreak in Honduras in the early 1960’s, about 10 
billion board feet of pine was killed. It breeds in all species of 
yellow pines in its range; also in white, red, and spruce pines, 
and red and Norway spruce. Shortleaf, loblolly, Virginia, and pitch 
pines appear to be most highly favored among the yellow pines. 
Infestations in white pine are usually unsuccessful because of 
heavy exudations of pitch. Attacks on red spruce are also unsuc- 
cessful, the beetles dying in them after constructing short tun- 
nels (438). 
F-519566 
FIGURE 86.—Stand of pines killed by the southern 
pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis. 
The southern pine beetle adult (fig. 87A) is chocolate brown 
to black and from 2.2 to 4.2 mm. long. There is a prominent tu- 
bercle on each side of a vertical median groove on the front of the 
head; the pronotum is slightly narrowed at front, broadest at the 
middle, and about as long as wide; the elytra are as wide as and 
over twice as long as the pronotum; and the declivity is convex. 
The full-grown larva is a legless grub with a glossy reddish- 
brown head, and it is about 5 mm. long. 
241 
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