F-486343 
FIGURE 87.—The southern 
pine beetle, Dendroctonus 
frontalis: A, adult; B, gal- 
lery pattern. S-shaped 
adult galleries are charac- 
teristic of this species. 
Winter is spent in the bark in all life stages—eggs, larvae, 
pupae, and adults. Dates of adult appearance in the spring vary 
with the overwintering stage and climatic conditions. In the 
Southern Appalachians, the overwintering adults emerge about 
mid-April, while those that develop from overwintering eggs 
may not appear until late June. The bark of trees through which 
the adults emerge is peppered with small, round holes (fig. 87B). 
Hibernating beetles do not attack healthy, living trees after they 
emerge. Instead, they seek out and invade trees attacked but not 
killed the previous fall (367). Generally, they attack the middle 
and upper trunk first, especially in the Middle Atlantic States. 
Later they continue their attacks down the trunk to within 5 
feet or less of the ground. In the Deep South they emerge in 
March and may attack the lower trunk first. 
The female bores directly into the cambium and constructs a 
nuptial chamber. Points of attack are characterized by the pres- 
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