and fall to the ground. There is one generation per year. Damage 
by this species is often severe enough to make the commercial 
collection of red pine seed impractical or impossible. 
Conophthorus sp., a species closely related to C. resinosae, also 
occurs in the Lake States and southern Canada. It breeds princi- 
pally in the shoots of jack pine but also in Scotch pine. The adults 
bore into the shoots about one inch below the bud then tunnel 
toward the bud, either to feed or to deposit their eggs. The ovi- 
position period lasts from late May into mid-July. Infested ter- 
minals are often killed, leading to multiple branching and the 
flat-topping of infested trees. Damage to natural jack pine repro- 
duction and in jack pine plantations is often severe. Winter is 
spent in infested buds, and there are two generations per year. 
Conophthorus taedae Hopk. has been recorded damaging cones 
of loblolly pine and Virginia pine in Virginia and C. virginianae 
Hopk. in West Virginia. 
The genus Pityogenes Bedel contains a number of species, all 
of which breed in the twigs and thin-barked limbs of pines. Some 
species prefer to breed in slash, whereas others most commonly 
attack decadent lower limbs of living trees. Vigorous trees are 
usually not attacked, except in heavily infested areas. Occasion- 
ally, young, healthy pines are attacked. Trees weakened by 
drought or transplanting, or by ground fires or mechanical means, 
are frequently attacked and killed. Adults are usually stout and 
sparsely pubescent. The antennal funicle is five-segmented, and 
the antennal club is flat and sutured on both sides. The elytra are 
marked with rows of punctures, excavated, and ornamented with 
teeth at the posterior end. 
Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine occurs commonly in eastern Can- 
ada and eastern United States. White pine appears to be the pre- 
ferred host, but other pines such as jack and red, and red spruce 
are also subject to attack. The adult is black with reddish-brown 
elytra and is about 2 mm. long. The limbs and smooth bark of 
recently killed trees may be heavily attacked. Shaded-out limbs on 
large trees and weakened small trees in plantations may be at- 
tacked and killed also. Destruction of infested slash or infested 
trees by burning should be helpful in control. 
Pityogenes meridianus Blackman is known to occur in North 
Carolina and Mississippi. It breeds in slash and the dead and 
dying lower branches of pines weakened by shading or injured 
by ground fires. The adult is dark reddish-brown and from 2.7 to 
3 mm. long. Its burrows consist of two to five galleries originating 
at and radiating away from a central nuptial chamber. The re- 
lated species, P. plagiatus (LeC.), breeds in pines in the Atlantic 
States. It is especially common in Pennsylvania and West Vir- 
ginia. The adult of this species is somewhat similar to the adult 
of P. hopkinsi. The male differs in having the dorsal tooth of the 
declivity enlarged and hooked at the end. 
The genus Pityoborus Blackman contains only one eastern 
species, P. comatus (Zimm.). It is widely distributed in the South- 
eastern States, but appears to be most common in the Mississippi 
area. Its known hosts are shortleaf, loblolly, longleaf, and slash 
pines. It breeds beneath the bark on the undersides of living but 
weakened branches of its host and is of little or no importance. 
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