Kgg galleries radiate in any direction, deeply engraving the 
wood. The larvae construct wide, short, connecting galleries. The 
adult is distinguished by the presence of a patch of fine, dense, 
silky hair on each side of the pronotum of the female. The female 
is also brown to black with yellowish appendages and is about 
1.8 mm. long. 
The genus Myeloborus Blackman is represented by only two 
Species in eastern forests. The adults are very similar in appear- 
ance to those of Pityophthorus, but differ in not having the 
antennal club septate. They breed in the pith of living twigs of 
pines. Entrance holes are bored directly through the bark and 
sapwood to the pith. Here they are enlarged to form nuptial 
chambers. Two egg galleries are then excavated away from the 
chamber in opposite directions. The larvae feed on the wood, pith, 
and bark, killing the twigs. Entrance holes are marked by small 
but conspicuous white or cream-colored pitch tubes. These are 
most frequently seen on the lower branches of the sides of trees 
exposed to sunlight. Attacks on small trees may cause some dam- 
age, but large trees are not seriously injured. M. ramiperda 
Swaine breeds in white pine in eastern Canada and from Maine 
i me Lake States. M. fivazi Blackman breeds in red pine in New 
ork. 
The genus Taentoglyptes (=Cryphalus) consist of small, dull, 
dark brown to black beetles about 2 mm. or less in length. They 
usually breed in the decadent bark of twigs or small limbs. T. 
frasert (Hopk.) attacks Fraser fir in the Southern Appalachians 
and balsam fir throughout the Northeastern States and in eastern 
Canada. T. ruficollis (Hopk.) is found commonly in red and white 
spruce in Maine and New York. T. rubentis (Hopk.) has been 
collected from red spruce in West Virginia. 
The genus Jps DeGeer ranks next in importance to the genus 
Dendroctonus among the bark beetles in its destructiveness to — 
forest trees, particularly the pines and spruces. Infestations nor- 
mally occur in recently felled trees such as windfalls, snowbreak, 
logging, and road slash. However, when heavy populations de- 
velop in this material, the adults emerge and attack and kill 
adjacent groups of young healthy pines and the tops of older 
trees. Infestations in green timber are usually of short duration 
unless the trees have been weakened by drought, fire, or other 
disturbances. Spot or group killing in pulpwood- or pole-size trees 
or, less often, in mature stands are characteristic of outbreaks. 
Widespread outbreaks occur frequently during which losses may 
be extremely severe. More than 500 million board feet of com- 
mercial timber and more than 700 thousand cords of pulpwood 
were killed in the South Atlantic and Coastal States during the 
period of 1952-55 (707). It is estimated that annual losses of 300 
thousand cords of pulpwood are incurred in Florida alone. Hop- 
ping (369, 370, 371, 372, 378, 374, 375, 376, 377) arranged the 
North American species of Ips into a number of natural groups. 
The male initiates the attack by boring through the bark to the 
wood and constructing a nuptial chamber. Here, he is joined by 
three or more females, each of which excavates an egg gallery in 
the phloem. These galleries radiate away in all directions from 
the chamber through the phloem, but eventually tend to run par- 
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