the light form is pale yellow with markings and patches of black 
on top. 
Winter is spent as a pupa in the soil. Adults begin to appear as 
early as March in the South, but much later farther north. Eggs 
are deposited in large masses'on the undersides of leaves or in 
smaller masses on twigs and branches. Young larvae feed gregar- 
iously; older ones, singly. In the Deep South, all life history 
stages may be present during the summer, and there may be three 
or four generations per year. In the North there is only one gen- 
eration per year. Larvae are often heavily parasitized by the 
hymenopteron, Apanteles congregatus (Say) (fig. 107). 
F-519572 
FIGURE 107.—Larvae of the 
ecatalpa sphinx bearing co- 
ecoons of Apanteles congre- 
gatus. 
The great ash sphinx, Sphinx chersis (Hbn.), feeds on lilac and 
white ash throughout the United States. Full-grown larvae are 
usually light green with bluish heads and are about 75 mm. long. 
There are seven light yellowish stripes, edged above with bluish- 
green, on each side of the body, and the caudal horn is pale blue 
and curved downward. The larvae are found most commonly on 
young trees and sprout growth in the open or along roadsides. 
Populations are sometimes heavy enough to cause noticeable de- 
foliation in such areas. 
Sphinx kalmiae J. E. Smith feeds on white ash, fringe tree, 
mountain laurel, rhododendron, and lilac from southern Canada 
through the Atlantic States to Georgia. Full-grown larvae are 
yellowish-green and about 75 mm. long. The body is marked by 
seven oblique, black stripes edged below with yellow; the caudal 
horn is arcuate and blue with black, raised markings. S. luscitiosa 
Clem. feeds on poplar and willow in the Atlantic Coast States. 
296 
