during May and June and hatch in about 10 days. Larvae feed 
singly, devouring entire leaves, and become full-grown in about 
a month. In the South, where two generations per year occur, 
trees may be defoliated twice in the same season. Full-grown 
larvae crawl to the ground and form cells in the soil or duff 
where they pupate and spend the winter. 
Several species of parasites of the green-striped mapleworm 
have been recorded, but never in any great abundance. Birds 
devour some of the larvae but are probably not very effective 
in control (774). 
The regal moth, Citheronia regalis (F.), occurs throughout the 
Southern States, northward to Illinois and Massachusetts. The 
larva, known as the hickory horned devil feeds on a wide variety 
of plants, including many species of trees such as hickory, wal- 
nut, butternut, persimmon, sweet gum, sycamore, ash, and sour- 
wood. Adults are quite large, males having wingspreads of 100 
to 125 mm., and females 125 to 150 mm. The head and body are 
orange-colored with pale yellow markings; the forewings are 
olive-gray with reddish-brown veins and yellow spots and the 
hindwings are orange-red with somewhat redder veins. Full- 
grown larvae are 100 to 125 mm. long and are startling to 
behold (fig. 111). 
Adults appear in June and larvae are present from July to 
September. Winter is spent in the pupal stage in the ground. 
In most of its range there is only one generation per year, but 
in the Deep South there may be a partial second. This species is 
of little or no economic importance. It is of interest mostly be- 
cause of the frightening appearance of the larvae. 
Citheronia sepulchralis G. & R. is occasionaly found feeding 
on the needles of pines from Maine to Florida. Moths are dark 
brownish-gray with a lilac tinge. There is a dusky discal spot 
on each forewing, and the wingspread is about 75 to 100 mm. 
Full-grown larvae are dull brown, armed with short, orange - 
colored horns, and about 100 mm. long. 
The imperial moth, Hacles imperialis (Drury), occurs in east- 
ern United States and southern Canada. The larvae feed on 
the foliage of a wide variety of trees including pines, red cedar, 
oaks, sweetgum, elm, persimmon, hickory, maple, beech, honey 
locust, and cypress. The moth is sulfur yellow with lilac mark- 
COURTESY CONN. AGR. EXPT. STA. 
FIGURE 111.—The hickory 
horned devil, larva of Cit- 
heronia regalis. 
303 
