protuberans A. & W. and Compsilura concinnata Meig. are also 
helpful in control, especially in the Northeastern States. 
Tolype velleda (Stoll.), occurs from southern Canada south 
through the Atlantic States to Florida and west to the Lake 
States. The larvae feed on the foliage of various hardwoods in- 
cluding ash, aspen, basswood, cherry, elm, maple, holly, oak, and 
apple. The adult has a white head and thorax, a gray abdomen, 
and a large blackish spot in the middle of the dorsum. The wings 
are usually gray, sometimes dusky, are crossed by white lines, 
and have an expanse of 37 to 62 mm. Full-grown larvae are gray 
with faint longitudinal lines and are about 62 mm. long. The 
body is flattened and has lateral lappets, each of which has many 
long hairs, thus forming a fringe along each side of the body. 
There is a pair of warts, bordered posteriorally by a velvety 
black band, on the metathorax. Adults appear in September and 
October. Females lay their eggs in rows and cover them with 
hairs from the abdomen. Larvae are present from June to August. 
Pupation takes place in tough, flattened, parchment-like cocoons 
on the bark. There is one generation per year. This species seldom 
causes serious injury. The related but smaller species, T. laricis 
(Fitch), feeds on larch. Its range and life cycle are similar to 
those of T. velleda. 
The lappet moth, E'picnaptera americana (Harr.), is generally 
distributed, but not often common, through the Eastern States 
and southern Canada. Its hosts are aspen, wild cherry, hickory, 
birch, maple, oak, and various other hardwoods. Adults are red- 
dish brown and have wingspreads of 30 to 50 mm. The inner 
angle of the forewing and the costal margin of the hindwing 
are deeply notched, and there is a pale band edged with irregular 
dark-brown lines beyond the middle of each. Full-grown larvae 
are bluish-gray, somewhat mottled above, have lateral lappets, 
and are about 62 mm. long. There are transverse scarlet bands 
on the second and third thoracic segments, in each of which are 
three black dots. Winter is spent in the pupal stage in a tough, 
flattened cocoon, usually on the bark of the tree. There is one 
generation per year in the North and a partial second one in the 
South. 
FAMILY ZANOLIDAE 
This family is represented in North America by only three 
species, two of which are encountered fairly often in eastern 
forests. 
Apatelodes torrefacta (J. E. Smith) occurs throughout the 
eastern part of the United States and feeds on maple, wild black 
cherry, and various other trees and shrubs. Full-grown larvae 
have rounded yellowish heads and are about 50 mm. long. The 
body is whitish to yellow on the dorsum, except for a row or line 
of more or less connected black spots. It has a row of black 
spots on each side, is blackish beneath, and is densely clothed with 
long, fine, white or yellow hairs. Long pencils of hairs, pale at 
the base and black at the tip, arise from the second and third 
thoracic and eighth abdominal segments. Larvae are present from 
June to September, and winter is spent in the pupal stage on 
the ground. 
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