and the forewings are dusky brown with obscure markings. 
The most common hosts in Canada are apple, red oak, American 
elm, red maple, basswood, and eastern hop hornbeam, but a num- 
ber of other hardwoods are also attacked, such as poplar and 
willow. Persistent severe attacks result in thin tops, dead twigs 
and branches, and ultimately the death of trees. Severe de- 
foliation of principal host trees often occurs in Nova Scotia. 
Winter is spent in the egg stage and hatching occurs from late 
April to late May. Young larvae feed first on opening buds and 
on the undersides of developing leaves. Older larvae feed inside 
loose leaf rolls. When they become mature, they drop to and 
enter the ground where they construct cells in which to pupate. 
Pupation occurs during late June and early July, and the pupae 
remain in their cells during the remainder of the summer and 
fall. Adults appear from late October to mid-December. The 
females climb tree trunks or other objects near their emergence 
sites and deposit their eggs in bark crevices, under lichens on 
the trunks or branches, or in other places affording suitable 
shelter (178). Embree (227) discussed the population dynamics 
of the species. 
Two imported parasites, the tachinid, Cyzenis albicans (Fall.), 
and the ichneumonid, Argypon flaveolatum (Grav.), are provid- 
ing a considerable degree of control in Nova Scotia (228). 
The genus Hupethecia contains a large number of species, four 
of which occur in forests of the Eastern States and eastern Can- 
ada. EH. palpatata Pack. occurs on various species of pine, espe- 
cially white and jack; E. luteata Pack., feeds on various spruces, 
especially white, and other conifers, especially balsam fir and 
larch; EH. filmata Pears is found on a wide variety of conifers, 
especially white spruce and balsam fir; and EF. transcanadata 
Mack. which also feeds on a wide variety of conifers, preferably 
white and black spruce and balsam fir. 
Calocalpe undulata (L.), the cherry scallop shell moth, occurs on 
wild and choke cherries throughout much of eastern North Amer- 
ica. The adult has a wingspread of about 37 mm. The forewings 
are marked with 12 whitish, scalloped, parallel] lines and a black 
discal dot; the hindwings are marked with six whitish lines. . 
Full-grown larvae are about 20 mm. long. The body is blackish 
above with four longitudinal yellow lines, and is straw yellow 
beneath. The larvae live in nests which they construct by webbing 
together the leaves toward the end of a branch. Heavily infested 
trees occasionally are completely defoliated. 
Eulype hastata (L.), the spear-marked black moth, feeds on 
birch, willow, and alder from Coast to Coast and north to Alaska. 
Full-grown larvae are about 25 mm. long. The head is shiny 
black; the body, dark brown to black, with a row of small black 
dots and a few white to brick-red spots on each side. In the 
Northeastern States, larvae are present from June to September, 
and winter is spent in the pupal stage. 
Bapta semiclarata (Walker) occurs on wild cherry in southern 
Canada and the Atlantic Coastal States. Full-grown larvae are 
light green and about 18 mm. long. The related species, Bb. ves- 
taliata (Guen.), is known to occur on birch in Maine. 
Deilinea erythemaria (Guen) feeds on willow and poplar in the 
337 
