eaten leaves in which to pupate. In completely defoliated stands, 
cocoons may be spun on exposed branch tips, in leaf axils, in 
bark crevices, or on stumps or undergrowth. 
The elm spanworm is capable of completely defoliating large 
areas of mixed hardwood forests during outbreaks. This has hap- 
pened during recent years in the lower Appalachians. During 
intervals between outbreaks, populations often exist at very low 
levels. The recent spate of outbreaks in the South was unex- 
pected. A number of insect parasites and predators were found 
in fairly large numbers during the latter stages of some of the 
outbreaks and probably helped in bringing them to an end. The 
hymenopteron, Telenomous alsophilae Vier., parasitized and de- 
stroyed over 80 percent of the eggs in certain areas (141). 
The predacious beetle, Calosoma scrutator (F.), a voracious 
feeder on lepidopterous larvae, was also abundant in outbreak 
areas. 
Pero honestarius (Wlkr.) occurs on black locust, wild cherry, 
and larch in the Eastern States. Full-grown larvae are dark 
brown, with lighter and darker markings; increase in girth to- 
ward the rear; and are about 37 mm. long. There appears to be 
two generations per year. P. morrisonarius Hy. Edw. occurs on 
a wide variety of trees, including fir, spruce, larch, pine, willow, 
aspen and other trees. 
Neptyia semiclusaria (Walker) occurs on fir, larch, pine, 
spruce, and hemlock in the Northeastern States and on sand pines 
in Florida (347). Full-grown larvae are pale yellow with a wide, 
orange-red dorsal stripe and thin, longitudinal black and white 
lines; they are about 50 mm. long. Eggs are deposited in masses 
under bark scales, and the larvae feed on the old needles. Pupae 
are found among these needles, some of which are tied together 
with strands of silk. 
The false hemlock looper, Neptyia canosaria (Walker), occurs 
on hemlock, fir, white and black spruce, and larch in the North- 
eastern States and southern Canada. Full-grown larvae are about 
25 mm. long. The head is pale whitish or reddish-brown and bears 
a few biack dots; the body is whitish with tinges of yellow or 
red, black dotted and has a yellowish stripe on each side below 
which are four or five dark, wavy lines. Larvae are present from 
June to August. 
The hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria (Guen.), occurs from 
Newfoundland to Alberta in Canada and south to Georgia in the 
Eastern States. Its preferred hosts are balsam fir, white spruce, 
and hemlock. It also feeds on many other species during out- 
breaks such as larch, red and black spruce, cedar, arborvitae, 
jack pine, basswood, maple, paper and yellow birch, elm, and wild 
cherry. In the more southerly portions of its range, infestations 
develop mainly on hemlock. Outbreaks were recorded in Ohio, 
Wisconsin, Michigan, New York and Maine during the 1920’s and 
in Massachuetts, New Hampshire and Vermont from 1949 to 
1952. The adult is creamy-tan with grayish-brown with a tinge 
of purple and has a wingspread of about 62 mm. Two irregular 
purplish-brown lines cross the forewings, and a dot of the same 
color lies between near the costal margin. Full-grown larvae 
are usually grayish-green to grayish and are about 30 mm. long. 
The head and body are flecked with black dots. 
344 
