appear during June and July; larvae are present from July to 
September. Each larva rolls the apical half or more of a leaf 
into the form of a tube in which it lives (fig. 184). Full-grown 
larvae spend the winter in cocoons constructed by folding a part 
of a leaf. The folded leaf drops to the ground with other leaves. 
Although frequently abundant, this species does not seem to cause 
serious damage. 
Phylctaenia coronata (Hufn.) [=tertialis (Cren.)], the elder 
leaf tier, larvae feed as leaf rollers on the leaves of elder in the 
Northeastern States. The adult is brown except for the presence 
of creamy white spots and streaks, and has a wingspread of 22 
mm. Full-growr larvae are translucent, whitish or pinkish, and 
about 18 mm. long. Winter is spent as a prepupa in a hiberna- 
culum usually spun in the hollow stems or pith of elder. There 
may be two generations per year. This species occasionally causes 
serious defoliation. 
FAMILY EPIPASCHIDAE 
The pine webworm, Tetralopha robustella Zell., occurs in south- 
ern Canada and throughout most of the eastern half of the 
United States. Its food plants include several species of pines: 
jack, red, white, Scotch, pitch, Virginia, shortleaf, longleaf, lob- 
lolly, and slash. Jack pine is preferred in the Lake States and 
adjacent parts of Canada. In the Northeast pitch pine is pre- 
ferred. The adult has a wingspread of about 25 mm. The basal 
part of the forewing is purple-black, the central part grayish, 
and the outer part blackish. Full-grown larvae are yellowish- 
brown, with two, dark-brown, longitudinal stripes on each side, 
and are about 18 mm. long. 
Adults are present from June to August and deposit their eggs 
on pine needles. Young larvae mine the needles; older ones live 
in silken tubes which extend through globular masses of brown, 
coarse frass webbed together by strands of silk (fig. 1385). These 
masses, which are found on the twigs, enclose the needles upon 
which the larvae feed and range in length from about 8 to 5 
inches. Pupation occurs in a cell in the soil. In the northern part 
of its range, there is usually one generation per year; in the 
South there may be two (738). 
The pine webworm is often troublesome in pine plantations. 
Young seedlings up to 2 feet tall are sometimes completely de- 
foliated and killed by the larvae in a single nest. Ugly nests on 
the twigs and branches of young pines being grown for the 
Christmas tree trade sometimes make it impossible to sell them. 
Tetralopha asperatella (Clem.) occurs in southeastern Canada 
and throughout eastern United States. The larvae feed on the 
foliage of various hardwoods such as sugar, rea, and mountain 
maples, oak, elm, beech, trembling aspen, and willow. The moth 
is powdery-gray, with the outer half of the forewing somewhat 
lighter. Full-grown larvae range from pale yellow through shades 
of green to brown or black and are about 25 mm. long. On sugar 
maple in Wisconsin, eggs are laid on leaves partly rolled by other 
insects. When the larvae hatch they feed on these leaves as skele- 
tonizers; older larvae web together groups of leaves, sometimes 
Bol 
