Dioryctria cambiicola (Dyar) has been found damaging sec- 
ond-year cones and shoots of red pine in southern Canada and the 
Lake States. The adult has a wing expanse of about 20 to 30 mm., 
and its forewing is dark purple-brown. Mature larvae are gray to 
green and about 15mm. long. The larvae apparently feed pri- 
marily in the pith of large current-year’s red pine shoots and 
attack cones only when mature (464). D. pygmaeela Ragonot 
occurs in eastern United States. It infests the cones of cypress 
from Maryland to Florida. 
Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich larvae feed in the cones of Scotch, 
red, and jack pines in the Northern States and southern Canada 
and in the cones of longleaf, loblolly, and scrub pines in the 
Southeastern States. The adult is bright white, orange, and red 
and has a wingspread of 17 to 29 mm. In the North, a mature 
larva is slender, olive-green to buff in color, and about 14 to 
18 mm. long. Southern larvae are similar in appearance but are 
somewhat larger, from 20 to 25 mm. in length. 
In the Northern States and Canada, winter is spent as a first- 
instar larvae in hibernaculae spun beneath bark scales on the 
branches of red pine. During the spring, the larvae feed first in 
staminate flowers. Later, they tunnel in second-year cones (464). 
In the Southeast, winter is spent as partly-grown larvae in newly- 
formed cones. In the spring, the larvae continue their feeding, 
sometimes destroying two or three cones each. Infested cones 
have silk attached to their outer surfaces around larval entry 
holes and to nearby needles. Pupation occurs in damaged cones 
from mid-May to mid-June, and adults are present from late May 
to July. There is one veneration per year. 
The locust leaf roller, Nephopteryx (=Salebria) subcaesiella 
(Clemens), occurs from southern Canada and Maine to West Vir- 
ginia and westward to Colorado. The larvae feed inside rolled 
leaves of honey locust and wisteria. The adult is gray and has a 
wingspread of 25 mm. The forewing is reddish near the base and 
has a broken, black terminal line. Mature larvae are about 25 
mm. long. The head is blackish and the body green, except for a 
dark line down the middle of the dorsum and for five faint yel- 
low lines on each side. The winter is spent as pupae in silken 
cocoons among leaves on the ground. This species is quite common 
at times, but is seldom injurious. N. virgatella (Clem.) is a leaf 
roller on black locust. The larvae resemble those of the locust 
leaf roller except for their brown heads. N. subfuscella (Ragonot) 
is a leaf roller on sumac from Maine to Texas. The adult is ash 
gray and has a wingspread of 22 mm. Mature larvae are yellow- 
ish-green except for brick-red lines on the dorsum and sides and 
are about 25 mm. long. 
The lesser cornstalk borer, Vlasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), a 
widely distributed species, has damaged black locust seedlings in 
nurseries in several Southern States. Loblolly pine seedlings in 
nursery beds in Virginia and Rhode Island have also been dam- 
aged. Gall- like growths occur at points of injury on the lower 
stems of locust seedlings, causing them to die or break off at the 
ground line. The male adult is ochre yellow to light brown and 
has a wingspread of 16 to 24 mm. The forewings are long and 
narrow and marked with several black spots. Mature larvae are 
358 
