and die gradually as the season advances. Infested trees become 
bushy after repeated attacks. 
EKucosma monitorana Heinrich attacks the cones of various 
pines in the Northeastern States and southern Canada. The adult 
is reddish-brown with tan and silver markings on the forewings 
and has a wingspread of 13 to 16 mm. 
In southern Canada, young larvae enter the upper parts of 
second-year cones in June and bore down the cone axis. They feed 
on immature seeds until the supply is exhausted and sometimes 
sever the cone at the base. A single cone may contain up to 25 
larvae. Last instar larvae sometimes migrate to and enter rela- 
tively fresh cones. At first, they bore around the cone for a short 
distance. Then they tunnel toward and into the axis where they 
feed on surrounding seed. Mature larvae vacate the cones during 
July and drop to the ground to pupate, the stage in which the 
species overwinters. There is one generation per year (465). 
EKucosma sonomana Kft., the jack-pine shoot moth, occurs in the 
Lake States and attacks jack pine. The adult has coppery-red 
forewings and a wingspread of about 18 mm. The larvae are 
brownish-gray and about 12 mm. long. Young plantation pines 
from 3 to 12 feet tall are usually attacked, but trees up to 30 feet 
tall may also be infested. The larvae bore into the pith, 6 to 8 
inches above the branch whorl of the previous season, and mine 
downward for a few inches. Then they move back up the shoot for 
a few inches, girdle the shoots, bore to the surface and drop to the 
ground to pupate. By this time, the shoot has wilted and has bent 
over or broken off (fig. 145) (473). 
Fucosma cocana Kft., has been recorded as occurring in Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida, 
and as probably feeding on the cones of loblolly pine. EF. tocullio- 
nana Heinrich has been recorded from Ontario and New Bruns- 
wick, Canada, and from Wisconsin, Massachusetts, New York, 
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, and Ten- 
F-492898 
FIGURE 145.—Damage to pine 
terminal by Hucosma sono- 
mana. 
368 
et eS 
