shining silver and four shining costal spots on the forewings and 
has a wingspread of 8 to 11 mm. Full-grown larvae are creamy 
white and about 10 mm. long. 
Winter is spent as a full-grown larva within a cone. Most of 
the larvae pupate in the spring; some may remain in diapause for 
1 to 2 or more years (721). Female moths are reluctant to fly, and 
as a result, populations tend to build up on old cones bearing 
trees. 
The hickory shuckworm, Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch), occurs in 
southern Canada and from the east coast to Missouri and Texas 
in the United States. The larvae feed on hickory nuts and pecans. 
The adult is smoky-black and has a wingspread of about 12 mm. 
Full-grown larvae are creamy white and about 9 mm. long. 
Adults appear in early spring (as early as mid-February in 
Florida) and lay their eggs on the nuts or foliage. Young larvae 
bore into and feed inside the nuts, thus preventing future nut 
development. Winter is spent as a larva in the shucks of fallen 
nuts, and there are from one to four generations per year, de- 
pending on locality. Heavy infestations may seriously reduce 
hickory nut and pecan crops. Gathering and destroying infested 
nuts during the winter is helpful in control. 
Laspeyresia toreuta (Grote) occurs in southern Canada and 
south in the Eastern States to South Carolina and Texas. It at- 
tacks the second-year cones of various pines. The adult is gray- 
brown with two prominent black-bordered silver bands across 
each forewing and has a wingspread of 13 to 15 mm. The mature 
larva is creamy white and about 10 mm. long. 
Adults emerge during late May and early June in the mid-South 
and during late June in Ontario and deposit their eggs in crevices 
over the cone surface. Young larvae bore into the upper part of 
second-year cones and enter the seeds to feed; older ones bore 
around the cone through the bases of scales, feeding on available 
seeds. Infestations appear to be heaviest on open-grown trees 
with branches to the ground or on trees in low density stands 
(439). Winter is spent as a full-grown larva in the woody axis of 
the cone, and pupation occurs in the spring. A braconid parasite, 
Phanerotoma sp., may destroy a high percentage of the full-grown 
larvae (465). 
Laspeyresia anaranjada Miller occurs throughout the range of 
typical slash pine, Pinus elliotti Engelmann, and its south Florida 
variety, P. elliotti var. densa Little and Dorman, in the South. 
The adult (fig. 147 B) has a wingspan of 14 to 16 mm. The 
abdomen is pearl-white and the forewings are yellowish orange to 
rusty orange, with four more or less equally spaced, mostly pearl- 
white cross bands. The species has been reared principally from 
mature cones of slash pine, occasionally from longleaf cones, and 
rarely from loblolly cones. 
Eggs are usually laid either singly or in small clusters on 
second-year cones. Young larvae bore into the cones and feed on 
the seed, moving from seed to seed, consuming their contents, and 
lining the tunnels between seeds with silk. A single larva con- 
sumes from five to seven seeds. Eventually, the full-grown larva 
bores into the woody cone axis where it spends the winter. Pupa- 
tion occurs in the spring, and the adults emerge during April and 
372 
