are mottled with golden scales, their tips triangular. The hind- 
Wings are fuscous and have dirty white fringes. Full-grown 
larvae are light green and about 20 to 25 mm. long. 
Adults are present from June to August, depending on location. 
Eggs are deposited in small round or convex masses containing 
about 100 to 150 eggs each, usually on twigs or small branches. 
Winter is spent in the egg stage, and hatching occurs in early 
spring. Young larvae feed on opening buds, blossoms, young fruit, 
and unfolding leaves which they web together with silk. Later, 
several leaves may be webbed together, forming a nest in which 
the larvae live and from which they move out to feed. Pupation 
occurs in flimsy cocoons spun inside the nest or on the branches 
or trunk of the tree. A number of outbreaks of this species, some 
of which covered tens of thousands of acres, have occurred in oak 
stands in Eastern and Lake States in recent years. 
Many other species of Archips are also encountered in eastern 
forests (266). A few of these and some of their hosts are as fol- 
lows: A. infumatanus (Zell.)—hickory and pecan; A. semiferanus 
(Wlk.)—oak and witch-hazel; A. negundanus (Dyar)—boxelder ; 
A. rileyanus (Grote)—hickory and walnut; A. georgianus (WIlk.) 
—oak; A. griseus (Rob.)—oak and hickory; A. magnolianus 
(Fern.)—yellow cucumber tree; and A. purpuranus (Clem.)— 
basswood, paper birch, trembling aspen, willow, and black cherry. 
The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) 
(fig. 150), occurs in the region of North America extending from 
Virginia to Labrador and westward to the MacKenzie River Val- 
ley, Yukon Territory, Canada (688). Until recently, it had been 
considered present throughout the ranges of spruce and fir in 
North America. Forms occurring in western Canada and western 
United States are now considered different species (269). Balsam 
fir is the preferred host of the spruce budworm. To a lesser 
degree, it also feeds on white, red, and black spruce, and on larch, 
pine, and hemlock (47). | 
Spruce budworm adults are smaller than the adults of other 
spruce-fir feeding species. In series, they are mostly gray with a 
few ochreous-gray specimens. The male has a wingspread of 21 
to 26 mm; the female, 22 to 30 mm. Full-grown larvae are about 
20 to 28 mm. long. The head is usually almost entirely dark 
brown; the prothoracic shield is brownish-yellow with some dif- 
fusion of brown pigment or is entirely dark brown; and the anal 
shield is brownish-yellow. Pupae are light to reddish-brown ex- 
cept for darker bands and spots. 
Spruce budworm adults are active from late June to early 
August, depending on location, and the females deposit their eggs 
in elongate masses of two to sixty eggs each, the eggs overlapping 
like shingles on a roof. A large proportion of the masses are usu- 
ally found on needles near the periphery of the crown. The eggs 
hatch in about 10 days under normal conditions. After a period 
of 1 to 2 days during which they are dispersed throughout the 
tree and stand, the larvae spin hibernaculae in suitable sites and 
molt to the second-instar. While the majority of hibernaculae are 
found on the branches of host trees, some are also found in mined 
buds, in flower scars, under bark scales, or under lichens. Many 
larvae become dislodged while searching for overwintering sites 
378 
