the larvae feed first on the surface of unfolding leaves. Later, 
each larva ties two or more leaves together with silk and feeds 
from within the case. Adults may appear as early as June, and 
there may be two generations per year, depending on location. 
Choristoneura fractivittana (Clem.) feeds on sugar maple, 
beech, paper birch, red maple, elm, and red oak in southern Can- 
ada and from Massachusetts to Wisconsin and Colorado. It is 
sometimes mistaken for C. rosaceana. C. houstonana (Grote) at- 
tacks various species of Juniperus, especially red cedar, and is a 
pest in windbreak and ornamental plantings in western Kansas 
(OG. 
The red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlk.), 
occurs in southern Canada, mostly in the southeastern part, and 
throughout eastern United States, westward to Iowa, Missouri, 
and Texas. In Canada and Maine it occurs commonly on various 
conifers, especially white, red, and black spruces, balsam fir, and 
larch. In the United States, it occurs on a wide variety of de- 
ciduous trees. Damage is often serious in apple orchards. The 
adult has a wingspread of 12 to 16 mm. The forewing is marked 
with a band that widens as it runs from the middle of the costa to 
the outer third of the inner margin. Full-grown larvae are pale 
green and about 15 to 18 mm. long. Winter is spent in the pupal 
stage among leaves and debris on the ground, and there may be 
three or four generations per year. A granulosis virus disease 
which tends to retard larval development has been reported in 
Virginia. Eggs are sometimes heavily parasitized by Tvricho- 
gramma minutum Riley. 
The pine tube moth, Argyrotaenia pinatubana (Kft.), feeds on 
various conifers, mostly white pine, in southern Canada, the 
Northeastern States, Florida, and Louisiana. The adult is small, 
slender, and grayish; it has a wingspread of 14 mm. The fore- 
wings have broad, orange to reddish-ochreous patches and are 
crossed by two whitish, oblique lines; the hindwings are smoky; 
and the abdomen is gray, blackish, or mouse-colored with och- 
reous, apical tufts. Full-grown larvae are 10 to 14 mm. long. 
The larva lives within the tube it constructs by drawing from 
five to 20 needles together and fastening them with silk. It feeds 
on the tips of these needles (fig. 154). Winter is spent in the 
pupal stage within the tube. There may be two generations per 
year. Heavily infested pines often have a ragged appearance. This 
may be objectionable where valuable ornamentals are involved. 
The hickory leaf roller, Argyrotaenia juglandana (Fern.), oc- 
curs in southern Canada and throughout the Eastern States. Its 
principal host is hickory but it will feed on plum and Viburnum. 
The adult is dark brown and has a wingspread of 18 to 25 mm. 
The front wings are marked by two parallel, oblique, blackish 
bands. Full-grown larvae are pale to translucent, with pale green 
heads tinged with brown; larvae are about 20 mm. long. They 
feed from within longitudinally rolled leaves and pupate beneath 
the bark on the trunk of the tree. 
Argyrotaenia quercifoliana (Fitch) occurs in southern Canada 
and south to Florida and Texas. The larvae feed on the foliage of 
red, black, white, scrub, and pin oaks. The adult is cream-yellow 
marked with light brown dots and has a wingspread of 16 to 24 
384 
