larvae feed on the foliage of sugar, red, and mountain maples, 
yellow birch, beech, and ironwood. The adult is grayish and has a 
wingspread of 21 mm. Full-grown larvae are light green and 
from 17 to 21 mm. long. In Wisconsin, winter is apparently spent 
as first or second instar larvae in hibernaculae on the twigs. 
During June, the majority of them were found in rolled leaves 
previously occupied by larvae of Sparganothis acerivorana; the 
remainder rolled their own leaves. Pupation occurs inside the roll. 
Damage by this species appears to have been one of the factors 
contributing to the development of maple blight, a condition lead- 
ing to the deterioration and death of large quantities of sugar 
maple trees and saplings during recent years (294). A. logiana 
(L.) skeletonizes the leaves of paper and river birches. Larvae 
are dull green, with the head, cervical shield, and front legs 
black; they have black warts on the prothorax. They usually feed 
singly inside folded leaves. Sometimes, they are found between 
two leaves folded together. A. tripunctana (Hbn.) feeds on paper 
birch. 
Aphelia alleniana (Fern.) normally feeds on weeds and clovers, 
but may also attack and injure small seedlings in coniferous plan- 
tations. Seedling losses have been severe in the Lake States and 
southern Canada. The larvae tie the shoots of the seedlings 
togther and feed from within the sheath on the stems and new 
needles during May and June. Injured seedlings become twisted 
and deformed. Winter is spent in the larval stage, and there is 
one generation per year. 
Xenotemna pallorana (Rob.) also normally feeds on weeds and 
clover, but it also occasionally damages seedlings in young con- 
iferous plantations in the Lake States and southern Canada. It is 
widely distributed in eastern United States, occurring from New 
England to the Lake States, Missouri, and Texas. The larvae draw 
the young shoots of seedlings together, fastening them with loose 
silk. Then, they feed on the young needles and tunnel into the 
shoot. Heavy damage to young white, red, jack, and Scotch pines 
has been recorded during May and June in Michigan. There are 
two generations per year in Ontario. Winter is spent as larvae in 
hibernaculae spun within folded leaves (503). 
FAMILY COSSIDAE 
CARPENTERWORM MOTHS 
Carpenterworm moths have fairly heavy, spindle-shaped bodies, 
and narrow, pointed wings. The larvae excavate large galleries in 
the wood of trees, often causing serious injury. 
The leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina (L.), an introduced species, 
is known to occur from the Philadelphia area to northern Massa- 
chusetts. Its favored hosts are elm, maple, ash, beech, walnut, 
oak, chestnut, poplar, willow, apple, pear, and plum, but it will 
attack scores of other species. The female is heavy-bodied and has 
a wingspread of 62 to 75 mm. Full-grown larvae are about 50 mm. 
long. The body is usually pale yellow but may have a pinkish 
tinge. It is also sparsely hairy and dotted with brown or black 
tubercles. 
586 
