spread of 10 to 15 mm. Mature larvae are up to 15 mm. long. The 
winter is spent as a full-grown larva in the stem of its host. 
Pupation occurs in the spring, and the adults appear during May 
and June. Eggs are deposited on the bark, and the larvae bore 
into the stems, causing ugly scars and sometimes killing large 
branches and small plants. Cutting out and burning of infested 
parts of plants is a recommended control practice. 
Several other species of Synanthedon (=Thamnosphecia) also 
occur in eastern America. S. geliformis (Wlk.) is a bark borer in 
dogwood and pecan. It also infests Andricus galls on oaks and 
diseased and injured tissues of various other plants. S. pyri 
(Harr.) attacks apple, hawthorn, shadbush, and mountain-ash. 
The larvae excavate shallow, tortuous tunnels in and beneath the 
bark of trees usually injured by storms and disease, causing the 
bark to blister and peel. S. pictipes (Grote & Robinson) breeds in 
peach, wild plum, and in fungus growths on wild plum. It is a 
major pest of peach. S. viburni Eng. larvae bore under the bark 
of Viburnum, preferably in injured areas or galls. S. acerrubri is 
a bark borer in maple, preferably in branches and often in 
wounds and scars caused by other insects. S. sapygaeformis 
(Walker) has been recorded infesting woody galls in oaks in 
Florida. S. castanea (Beutenmuller) bores in the trunks of 
American chestnut, preferably in bruised areas. 
Thamnosphecia rubrofascia (Hy. Edw.) larvae excavate long, 
sinuous tunnels in the bark of sour gum from Maryland to 
Florida. Injuries and healing wounds on well matured trees are 
preferred. T. sigmoidea (Beut.) attacks low-growing willows in 
bays, along streams, and in depressions in sand dunes of coastal 
and lake regions. Infestations are often heavy. 
The maple callus borer, Sylvora (=Conopia) acerni (Clem.), is 
widely distributed in southern Canada and throughout eastern 
United States south to Florida. Its hosts are sugar and red 
maples. The adult is amber-colored and has a wingspread of 20 
to 25 mm. The head is orange-yellow and there is a red tuft of 
hairs at the posterior end of the yellow-banded abdomen. Full- 
grown larvae are white and from 14 to 19 mm. long. 
Adults appear in May and June and deposit their eggs in | 
roughened places on the trunk, preferably on or near wounds. 
The larvae bore through the bark and in to the sapwood. Slightly 
wounded trees are often severely damaged. Winter is spent in the 
larval stage and pupation occurs in the spring. Just before it 
changes to an adult, the pupa wriggles part way out of its burrow. 
When the adult emerges, the cast pupal skin is left sticking out 
of the bark. There is one generation per year. Smoothing of 
roughened bark areas, removal of borers from under the bark in 
the spring, and painting of wounds are recommended control 
practices. The southern form, S. a. buscki Eng., attacks silver 
maple in Florida and Georgia. 
The pitch mass borer, Vespamima (=Parkarmonia) pini (Kel- 
licott), occurs in eastern Canada and eastern United States south- 
ward to Georgia and Tennessee and westward through the Great 
Lakes region. Its preferred host appears to be white pine but it 
also attacks Austrian and Scotch pines and spruce. The forewings 
are blue-black, with a metallic green luster, and have an expanse 
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