bore through the bark and into the wood. Here they excavate 
relatively uniform galleries up to 9 mm. in diameter and 4 inches 
long. The first inch or two the gallery slopes upward, then it con- 
tinues straight up. The life cycle in Mississippi requires 2 years. 
The major hazard associated with the work of this borer is the 
possibility that rot and stain producing fungi will enter the larval 
galleries and degrade the butt logs. 
Paranthrene simulans simulans (Grote) occurs from Nova 
Scotia to Maryland, Illinois and the Lake States. It has also been 
recorded from black, red, and pin oaks. The larvae bore into solid 
wood, constructing galleries up to 2 inches long. It, or a closely 
related species, has also been found infesting natural oak growth 
and 2- to 5-inch nursery stock in Long Island. The larvae, gener- 
ally one to four per tree, bore into the wood of the trunk from 
1- to 2-feet above the ground and then tunnel upwards 2- to 
3-inches in the center of the trunk. 
Paranthrene dollu dollii (Newm.) bores in the base and root 
collar area of young cottonwoods and black willow in the Deep 
South. The adult is brown with dark wings and yellow cross-bands 
on its abdomen and has a wingspread of about 37 mm. Eggs are 
laid in bark crevices. The larvae bore in the wood and pith, con- 
structing open tunnels up to 6 inches long. Heavily infested trees 
are weakened and subject to wind breakage. Damage is often 
severe in cottonwood nurseries and plantations in Mississippi 
where there are two generations per year. The closely related 
species, P. d. castanea (Beut.) also occurs in the Deep South. Its 
hosts, habits, and damage are much the same as those of P. dollu 
dollii. 
Paranthrene tricincta (Harris) larvae bore in the branches and 
terminals of young cottonwoods in the Deep South, weakening 
them and causing some to break. There are two generations per 
year. P. tabaniformis (Rott.), an introduced species with similar 
hosts, habits, and life cycle, occurs in the Northern States. 
Conopia proxima (Hy. Edw.) larvae bore in the cones, 
branches, and exposed roots of low-growing willows in moist or 
shady locations. C. bolteri (Hy. Edw.) also attacks low-growing 
willows. C. acerrubri (Engelhardt) attacks various poplars. The 
larvae feed under the bark and cause slight swellings. Local out- 
breaks have been recorded. 
FAMILY YPONOMEUTIDAE 
Moths of this family are small, usually brightly patterned, and 
have rather broad wings. 
The genus Argyresthia contains a number of leaf mining 
species. The adults have wingspreads of about 25 mm. While at 
rest, their wings are folded close to the body, their front legs are 
extended forward, and their hind legs are slanted upwards at 45° 
angles. 
Argyresthia freyella Wlshm. is generally distributed in eastern 
Canada and south and west to the Middle Atlantic States and 
Missouri. Its hosts are red cedar and arborvitae. The adult is 
whitish and has a wingspread of about 8 mm. The forewings are 
golden with silvery spots and bands and a black dot at the apex 
402 
