larvae feed within leaf tissues, forming blotch-like mines. A full- 
grown larva spins a cocoon within the mine and then cuts through 
the upper and lower layers of the leaf around the cocoon, forming 
a case. The case, which encloses the larva and cocoon, drops to the 
ground. Once there, the larva fastens the case to some object by 
means of silken threads and then pupates. Heavily infested trees 
may turn completely brown by mid-summer. 
Coptodisca splendoriferella (Clem.) also occurs in eastern 
United States. Larvae mine the leaves of apple, cherry, and re- 
lated hosts. They pupate in cases attached to the limbs and trunks 
of their hosts. 
FAMILY COLEOPHORIDAE 
CASEBEARER MOTHS 
Nearly 100 species of casebearer moths occur in North Amer- 
ica. The adults are plain, little moths with markings limited to 
dustings of lighter or darker colored scales. The wings are nar- 
row and have an expanse of 12 mm. or less. The larvae of all 
species feed within leaf mines in the first instar. At the end of 
this instar, each larva constructs a portable case in which it lives 
thereafter. The larvae of certain species continue to feed as 
miners after the first instar. Without leaving the case, the larva 
mines in a circle or from each side of the point of entrance into 
the leaf. The larvae of other species feed externally in the later 
instars. Their cases are constructed from parts of the mined 
leaves and are lined with silk. They are enlarged by the larvae as 
needed, thus providing shelter at all times. The winter is spent 
as a partly-grown larva in a case which is usually fastened se- 
curely to a twig or branch with silk. 
Coleophora tilaefoliella Clem. constructs a black case on bass- 
wood. C. atromarginata Braun occurs on southern red and 
swamp white oaks. Its case is black with white markings on the 
underside. C. querciella Clem. occurs on white and swamp chest- 
nut oaks. Its case is grayish with a black patch on the top near 
the rear end. C. alniella Hein. has been observed on beech in New 
York. C. ulmifoliella McD. feeds on various species of elm in 
southern Ontario and possibly occurs in the Lake States. 
The pecan cigar casebearer, Coleophora caryaefoliella Clem., oc- 
curs from New England to Florida and west through Texas. Its 
hosts are pecan, walnut, and various hickories. The adult is 
brownish and has a wingspread of about 10 mm. The larval case 
is brown, smooth, cigar-shaped, and about 6 mm. long. The winter 
is spent as a partly-grown larva in the case. Feeding is resumed 
in the spring on opening buds and young foliage. Damage is often 
serious (295). 
The elm casebearer, Coleophora limosipennella (Dup.), an in- 
troduced species first observed in the vicinity of New York City 
in 1901, is widely distributed in the Northeastern States and also 
occurs in southern Ontario. Its hosts are English, Scotch, and 
various native elms. The female adult is buff, covered with gray 
markings, and has a wingspread of about 12 mm. 
Adults appear in late July and lay their eggs on the leaves of 
their hosts. The larvae feed within mines in the leaves at first. 
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