emerge and construct cases in which they live and feed thereafter. 
Winter is spent in cases firmly attached to the bark, usually in 
crotches of limbs. In the spring, the larvae feed on buds and 
young leaves, mining as far as possible without leaving their 
cases. Infested leaves tend to shrivel. During recent years, this 
species has been abundant in Quebec, New Brunswick and north- 
ern Maine. Many stands of white birch in New Brunswick were 
completely defoliated in 1968. 
The cigar casebearer, Coleophora serratella (L.) (=fletcherella 
Fern.), is principally a pest of apple in the Northern States, but 
it also attacks cherry, hawthorn, plum, quince, and pear. It is 
most injurious in the spring when the larvae feed on expanding 
foliage, flowers, fruit, and fruit stems. The adult is dark gray to 
grayish-brown and has a wingspread of about 12 mm. The larval 
case is brown, shaped like a cigar, and about 8 mm. long. The 
ae cycle and habits are similar to those of the pecan cigar case- 
earer. 
FAMILY GRACILLARIIDAE 
LEAF MINERS 
The family Gracillariidae, the largest of the leaf-mining fami- 
lies of Lepitoptera, is represented in North America by more than 
200 species (225, 559). The adults are tiny and beautifully ar- 
rayed in shining scales and plumes, and their more or less lanceo- 
late wings are overlaid with glistening scales of silver or bur- 
nished gold. While an adult is at rest, the front part of the body 
is raised and the wing tips touch the surface on which it sits. 
Early instar larvae are very flat and usually feed first within 
mines in the leaves. Later, some feed mostly on the leaf tissues 
from within tentiform mines or they skeletonize the leaf from 
shelters made by folding over parts of leaves. 
The full-grown larvae of most species spin silken cocoons, usu- 
ally within feeding mines or shelters, in which to pupate. Winter 
is spent either as larvae, pupae, or adults, depending on the 
species. 
The solitary oak leaf miner, Lithocolletis (=Cameraria) hama- 
dryadella (Clem.), occurs throughout much of eastern United 
States and southeastern Canada. Its hosts are various species of 
oak, especially those in the white oak group. The adult has a 
wingspread of about 6 mm. The forewings are pale with bronze 
patches, and the hindwings are silvery with broad fringes of 
hairs. Young larvae are tiny, flat, and taper toward the rear. 
Full-grown ones are cylindrical and about 5 mm. long. The larvae 
feed singly, forming irregular blotch-like mines just below the 
upper leaf surface. A single leaf may contains several contiguous 
mines (fig. 162). Winter is spent in the larval stage in leaves on 
the ground and there are several generations per year. Injury to 
forest trees is of minor importance, but the beauty of shade trees 
may be seriously reduced. 
The gregarious oak leaf miner, Lithocolletis (—Cameraria) cin- 
cinnatiella (Chamb.), occurs throughout the same range as that 
of the solitary oak leaf miner, and it feeds on the same hosts. The 
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