per year as far north as Canada. Heavily infested trees may be 
seriously damaged. 
The lilac leaf miner, Gracillaria syringella (F.), an introduced 
species, occurs in many of the Northeastern States and south- 
eastern Canada. Its hosts are listed as lilac, black ash, privet, and 
euonymus. The adult has a dark brown body and a wingspread 
of about 10 mm. The forewings are brownish except for six ir- 
regular transverse patches of yellow, and the hindwings are 
grayish-brown. Full-grown larvae are pale yellowish, translucent, 
and about 8 mm. long. Early instar larvae feed gregariously in- 
side the leaves and produce blotch-like mines. Later, they abandon 
their mines and roll or web several leaves together which they 
feed on from within this shelter. There are two generations per 
year. Injured portions of infested leaves dry up and become un- 
sightly. Raking and destruction of fallen leaves is a good control 
practice. 
Gracillaria sassafrasella Chamb., the sassafras leaf miner, feeds 
on the leaves of sassafras. The larvae feed first within mines. 
Later, they vacate their mines, move to nearby leaves, bend their 
tips over, and feed from inside the folds. Mature larvae vacate 
these folds and form split, capsule-like cases on the undersides of 
other leaves in which to pupate. G. azaleella Brants. larvae bend 
the tips of azalea leaves downward and feed from inside the folds. 
Injured leaves wilt and die. G. packardella Chamb. larvae mine 
the undersides of sugar and Norway maple leaves in the early 
instars. Older larvae feed on the surface of the leaves. Other 
eastern species of the genus and their hosts include G. bimacula- 
talla Ely on maple; G. purpuriella Chamb. on poplar and willow; 
G. quercinigrella Ely on oak; and G. pulchella Chamb. on yellow 
birch and alder. 
FAMILY LYONETIIDAE 
This family contains numerous species of tiny moths, the ma- 
jority of which belong to the genus Bucculatrix Zeller. At least 
18 species are known to feed on trees in eastern America (97). 
Adults of the genus Bucculatrix have the vertex of the head 
rough or tufted, and the face smooth and produced into a point 
extending below the eyes. The wings are lanceolate and broadly 
fringed with markings of brown, black, or silver. Larvae are 
cylindrical and greenish and have well-developed legs and prolegs. 
Pupation occurs within longitudinally ridged or ribbed silken 
cocoons. 
Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem., the apple bucculatrix, is widely 
distributed in southern Canada and eastern United States. Its 
hosts are apple, black cherry, shadbush, and hawthorn. Full- 
grown larvae are dark yellowish-green tinged with red, have 
brown heads, and are about 6 mm. long. Winter is spent in 
cocoons spun on the lower surfaces of twigs, foliage, or fruit. 
The color of the cocoons differs according to the larval host— 
white on apple, pale tannish-ochreous on shadbush, reddish-brown 
on black cherry, and dark brown on hawthorn. There is one gen- 
eration per year in the North and two in the South. 
The birch skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers, is 
a common species in southern Canada and throughout the birch- 
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