by the presence of a sclerotized structure, commonly known as a 
spatula, on the underside of the front end. 
The balsam gall midge, Dasineura balsamicola (Lint.), produces 
swollen, oval galls about 3 mm. in diameter near the bases of 
needles of balsam fir and Fraser fir. It probably occurs wherever 
its hosts grow in North America (293). Damage in Christmas 
tree plantations may be severe. D. gleditchiae (O. S.) produces 
oblong, padlike galls on the new leaflets of honeylocust. Damage is 
sometimes rather severe to thornless honeylocust seedlings in 
nurseries in the Midwest. D. pseudacaciae (Fitch) attacks the 
young leaves of black locust and causes them to fold. D. communis 
Felt produces greenish or reddish pouch galls on the veins of red 
and sugar maple leaves. 
The boxwood leaf miner, Monarthropalpus buxi (Laboulbene), 
an introduced species, occurs from Rhode Island south to Dela- 
ware and Maryland. Its hosts are different varieties of boxwood, 
the tree boxwood and the glossy leafed boxwood, in particular. 
Adults are orange yellow and about 2.5 mm. long. The larvae feed 
within the tissues of the leaf, causing blisterlike blotches up to 
2.5 mm. long by fall. Heavily infested leaves turn gray or yellow- 
ish-brown and often drop prematurely. 
Contarinia juniperina Felt, the juniper midge, is a pest of red 
cedar and other junipers in the Midwest. Adults are very small, 
only about 1.5 mm. long, and have bright red abdomens. Eggs are 
laid on the needles of new growth, near the tips of twigs. Larvae 
bore into the twigs at the bases of the needles and kill the portion 
beyond the entrance hole (324). Heavily infested trees turn 
brown in the fall and most of the infested twigs break off during 
the winter. The hymenopterous parasite, Platygaster pini Fouts, 
is reported to have exerted a high degree of control of an out- 
break in Missouri during the late thirties. 
Contarinia negundifolia Felt, the boxelder gall midge, produces 
fleshy galls on the leaves of boxelder. It has been recorded from 
Virginia, the Lake States, and the Prairie Provinces of Canada. 
Wilson (779) discussed its biology in Michigan. Other fairly com- 
mon species of Contarinia include C. virginianiae (Felt), which 
feeds on the fruit of choke cherry, causing it to become swollen 
and deformed; and C. canadensis Felt, which produces galls on 
the leaves of ash. 
Asphondylia ilicicola Foote larvae feed in the berries of Ameri- 
can holly, and the infested berries remain green all winter. It has 
been recorded from New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and West 
Virginia (352). The related species, A. azalea Felt, produces the 
so-called pinkster bud gall on rhododendron. 
Thecodiplosis piniresinosae Kearby, the red-pine needle midge, 
has been recorded causing the formation of gall-like structures 
in the bases of needle fascicles of red pine in Wisconsin (411). 
Damaged needles turn brown in the fall and drop during the 
winter. The laterals and terminals of heavily infested trees may 
be killed. Heavy infestations appear to be confined to slow grow- 
ing trees. 
Cecidomyia pintinopsis O. 8., the gouty pitch midge, causes 
swellings and malformations on the twigs of Virginia and pitch 
pines in eastern America. Dead needles, dead or dying twigs, and 
418 
