Ebel (218) discussed the species occurring on slash and longleaf 
pines. 
Pleroneura brunneicornis Rohwer occurs in eastern Canada and 
in the Northeastern States from Maine to Michigan. Its hosts are 
listed as balsam and white firs. Full-grown larvae are white and 
from 4 to 7 mm. long. The true legs are weakly developed and the 
prolegs consist of nothing more than slight swellings. In New 
Brunswick, Canada, adults are found during late May. Eggs are 
deposited in tightly packed needle clusters on expanding buds, 
and the larvae feed in tunnels excavated in the center of new 
shoots. These shoots stop growing, turn brown, and drop. Later 
on, they resemble frost-killed shoots. Winter is spent in the pupal 
state in oval cocoons in the soil, and there is one generation per 
year (749). 
An unidentified species of Pleroneura (or possibly Xyela) has 
been recorded attacking loblolly, shortleaf, and slash pine in 
Georgia. Eggs are deposited on new shoots and the larvae feed on 
the tissues of the shoots, causing the formation of spindle-shaped 
galls. Full-grown larvae vacate the galls and drop to the ground. 
Pupation occurs in cells in the soil. The curculionid, Conotrachelus 
caroliniensis, breeds in and hollows out the vacated galls. This 
weakens the shoots and causes them to break in the wind. 
Several species of Megaxyela Ashmead have been observed 
feeding as larvae on hickory, and the larvae of one species of the 
genus Macroxyela Kirby feeds on elm. 
FAMILY PAMPHILIIDAE 
WEB-SPINNING SAWFLIES 
The family Pamphiliidae is represented in North America 
north of Mexico by four genera and 85 or more species, better 
than half of which occur in eastern America. The adults are 
moderately large with long, many-segmented antennae. The ab- 
domen is fiattened and has sharp lateral margins; the ovipositor 
of the female is short. Larvae have the venter flattened and are 
about 15 to 25 mm. long. The thoracic legs are well-developed, but 
abdominal legs are absent. The larvae of certain species are gre- 
garious and feed together in nests which they prepare by webbing 
together leaves of their hosts. Others roll the edges of leaves or 
spin silken tubes in which to live (519). 
The pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (Linn.), 
an introduced species first recorded in Pennsylvania in 1925, now 
occurs from Connecticut to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, in the 
Lake States, and in New Brunswick. Its preferred hosts are white 
and red pines, but it also attacks several other pines, including 
Scotch, Austrian, mugho, Swiss Mountain red, and Japanese red. 
Female adults have orange-red heads and steel-blue bodies; males 
are almost entirely steel-blue. Full-grown larvae are pale greenish- 
gray and about 16 to 20 mm. long. The head is clay-yellow with 
dense, small dark brown spots, and there are longitudinal stripes 
of purplish red on the dorsum, venter, and sides. 
Winter is spent in the larval stage; pupation occurs in early 
spring, and adults appear from about mid-April to mid-May. Eggs 
433 
