the ground and spin cocoons in the duff and top layers of the soil. 
Adults appear in late August and early September and lay three 
to five eggs in each needle, with the full compliment of eggs on 
the needles of one twig. There is one generation per year. 
All sized trees are attacked, but small trees with open crowns 
are more susceptible to damage than trees in closed stands. Even 
aged stands and plantations are especially attractive. Mortality 
from a single defoliation seldom occurs, but it may result from 
several successive defoliations. Generally, the most serious dam- 
age results from gradual reduction in vigor and growth of the 
affected trees. Late spring frosts and a polyhedrosis virus disease 
are often effective in the control of heavy infestations. Direct and 
preventive methods of control are discussed by Ewan (232). 
Neodiprion pratti paradoxicus Ross has been recorded from 
Maryland to Nova Scotia and Ontario. Its hosts are pitch, Scotch, 
shortleaf, and jack pines. Full-grown larvae have black heads, 
and the body is marked with very pale lateral stripes. Supraspir- 
acular spots are usually partially or entirely atrophied in the 
middle of the body. Widespread outbreaks have occurred in pitch 
pine and shortleaf pine stands in New Jersey during recent years. 
Neodiprion taedae taedae Ross [=americanum (Leach) ], the 
loblolly pine sawfly, has been recorded from Maine and eastern Vir- 
ginia. Its favored host is loblolly pine, but it also occasionally feeds 
on shortleaf pine. Full-grown larvae are greenish-white and about 
22 mm. long. The head is reddish-brown, and there is a dull 
grayish-green longitudinal stripe on each side of the dorsum. 
There is also a row of black spots just above the spiracular line 
which extends from the second thoracic to the ninth abdominal 
segments, and there are two black blotches on top of the tenth 
segment. 
Winter is spent in the egg stage, and hatching occurs in late 
April or early May. The larvae feed on old needles and reach 
maturity in about 30 days. In late September, they drop to the 
ground and tunnel in for several inches, where they spin cocoons. 
Adults appear about mid-October and lay their eggs, in rows in 
the sides of needles. There is one generation per year (345). 
Since the new foliage is not eaten, infested trees are not com- 
pletely defoliated or killed. Infestations occur more commonly in 
understocked pine stands where the trees retain their lower 
branches. 
Neodiprion taedae linearis Ross., the Arkansas pine sawfly, long 
recognized as a pest of loblolly pine in Arkansas, is now known to 
occur also in Louisiana, southeast Texas, Mississippi, South Caro- 
lina, Missouri, Ohio, and Illinois. As far as known, loblolly and 
shortleaf pines are its only hosts, loblolly preferred. Full-grown 
larvae are dull green and about 25 mm. long. There are heavy 
black stripes along each side and often two lighter stripes below 
the heavier, black ones. 
Winter is spent in the egg stage. Hatching occurs from early 
March to early May, depending on location. Young larvae feed 
eregariously in groups, often encircling the needles about half 
way from end to end, and partially girdling them. Infested ter- 
minals soon take on a reddened appearance. Older larvae feed 
singly or in pairs and consume the entire needle, leaving short 
443 
