cocoons in the duff in Maine. Cocoons spun among the needles on 
the trees in the same stands escaped parasitization. 
Neodiprion abbotu (Leach) has been recorded in Ontario, Wis- 
consin, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and 
Florida. Its hosts are listed as loblolly, slash, longleaf, shortleaf, 
red, and Carribean pines. The full-grown larva has a brown to 
black head with a light spot on the frons and the thorax and 
abdomen are pale green. There are also four dark green to black 
lateral stripes. 
Winter is spent as a mature larva in a cocoon and pupation 
occurs in the spring. Adults emerge as early as Jate March in the 
South. Eggs are laid in single rows of 15 to 20 eggs each mostly 
on 2-year-old needles, the eggs of a row almost touching each 
other. Newly-hatched larvae feed gregariously; older ones tend 
to feed singly. Mature larvae spin cocoons on the needles of the 
tree. There appears to be at least three generations per year in 
the South. First generation larvae are found in May; second gen- 
eration larvae during July and August; and third generation 
larvae from October to December (346). 
Light defoliation by this species may not be noticeable because 
of the tendency of the large larvae to wander in search of needles 
on which to feed. 
Neodiprion rugifrons Middleton occurs in southern Canada and 
the Lake States and feeds on jack pine. Full-grown larvae have 
orange-brown to bright orange heads with black eyespots. The 
prothorax is yellowish-green to light olive-green with dark mark- 
ings. A dark lateral stripe extends backward along each side from 
the prothorax to the ninth abdominal segment. The question as to 
whether this is a true species, or whether it is a member of a 
group known as the ‘“Virginianius complex” is not settled. The 
complex consists of three species, N. virginianus, N. rugifrons, 
and N. dubiosus. 
Winter is spent in cocoons in the soil. Adults emerge in May 
and June and lay their eggs in l-year-old or older needles. There 
are one or two generations per year. The larvae of the first gener- 
ation feed in colonies on previous year’s needles, while those of 
the second generation feed on foliage of all ages. 
In heavy infestations, jack pine may be completely defoliated 
by September or October. Planted pines from 3 to 20 feet tall may 
be killed. Trees in isolated stands and windbreaks are also subject 
to severe damage (767). 
The European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.), an in- 
troduced species first recorded in North America at Somerville, 
New Jersey, in 1925 (636), is now widely distributed. It has been 
recorded from New England to Michigan and southwestern On- 
tario, and south and southwest to southern Ohio, southern Illinois, 
and southwestern Iowa. It has many hosts, particularly Scotch, 
red, jack, Japanese red, Table-Mountain, and mugho pines. Eas- 
tern white, Austrian, ponderosa, shortleaf, and pitch pines also 
are fed on to some extent when they occur in mixture with more 
favored species. 
Full-grown larvae are grayish-green and from 18 to 25 mm. 
long. The head, thoracic legs, and upper part of the anal plate 
are black and there is a longitudinal light stripe down the back. 
447 
