Surviving adults appear during April and lay their eggs in the 
overwintering eggs of the host. There may be one or two spring 
generations; for the entire year there may be four or five genera- 
tions. This species is an important parasite of the gypsy moth in 
the southern portion of its range. Parasitization of 40 to 50 per- 
cent frequently occurs in Massachusetts and Connecticut. 
Habrolepis dalmani (Westw.) is sometimes fairly common as a 
parasite of the golden oak scale in this country. It has been intro- 
duced into New Zealand from New England and is credited with 
having saved the oaks in that country. Kermes pubescens, another 
oak scale, is attacked by at least five other species of encyrtids. 
The European fruit lecanium is attacked by more than 20 dif- 
ferent species. The San Jose scale and oystershell scale each are 
also attacked by several species. 
FAMILY KUPELMIDAE 
Members of the family Eupelmidae parasitize a wide range of 
insects including Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, 
Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and Homoptera. Many other species 
are hyperparasitic and a few are phytophagous. 
Anastatus disparis Ruschka, an egg parasite of the gypsy moth 
in Europe and Japan, was introduced into New England in 1906, 
and quickly became established (175). It is now generally dis- 
tributed throughout the infested parts of New England. Adult 
females are marked with green and brown, have two broad fus- 
cous bands on the wings, and are 2 to 3 mm. long. Males are 
greenish black, with hyaline wings, and are only about 2 mm. 
long. The winter is spent as a full-grown larva within the gypsy 
moth egg. Adults appear in June and July and lay their eggs in 
egg masses of the host. Hatching occurs quickly and larval de- 
velopment is rapid, the hibernating stage being reached within 
about 2 weeks. Yet, there is only one generation per year. This 
species is usually scarce in areas where the egg parasite, Ooen- 
cyrtus kuwanat, also occurs. Interspecific competition may be the 
cause. 
A few other species of eupelmid parasites and some of their 
hosts are as follows: Eupelmella vesicularis (Retzius)—gypsy 
moth, satin moth, forest tent caterpillar, European pine shoot 
moth, and several species of pine sawflies; Ewpelmus cyaniceps 
amicus Girault—Dioryctria disclusa, Nantucket pine tip moth, 
bagworm, and the smaller European elm bark beetle; H’. cyani- 
ceps cyaniceps Ashm.—European pine shoot moth, Nantucket pine 
tip moth, and the bagworm; E. pini Taylor—white pine weevil; 
E. allynit (French)—various species of tree crickets; and Meta- 
palma spectabile Westwood—buprestid and cerambycid borers. 
FAMILY EUCHARITIDAE 
The family Eucharitidae is comprised of only six genera and 
27 species. As far as known, all species are parasitic on the pupae 
of ants. Adults are distinguished by the configuration of the scu- 
tellum, which is frequently produced backward in the form of 
powerful spines. 
A75 
