Other species of Monodontomerus recorded as parasites of im- 
portant forest insects in the Eastern States include M. indiscretus 
Gahan—on the birch leaf-mining sawfly; M. montivagus Ashm.— 
on the spruce budworm; M. minor (Ratz.)—on the eastern tent 
cateripillar, the cecropia moth, and the spruce budworm; and 
M. japonicus Ashm., an introduced species—on the European 
spruce sawlly. 
FAMILY PTEROMALIDAE 
The family Pteromalidae is the largest in the superfamily and 
its members act as parasites or hyperparasites of almost all 
orders of insects. The adults are minute, black or metallic green 
or bronze insects. Many have a more or less triangularly shaped 
abdomen. 
Schizonotus sieboldi (Ratz.), a primary parasite of the im- 
ported willow leaf beetle and several allied species of Chrysomel- 
idae, is widely distributed in eastern United States. The larva 
feeds externally on the pupa of its host. High percentages of par- 
asitization were recorded over a 8-year period in the vicinity of 
Boston, Massachusetts, but host populations were not materially 
reduced (203). 
Dibrachys cavus (Walker), a hyperparasite of many primary 
parasites, occasionally acts as a primary parasite. It is extremely 
destructive of many beneficial parasites. In common with the 
adults of many other parasites, the adults often feed at puncture 
holes made by their ovipositors. This results in the death of many 
larvae that are not parasitized. 
FAMILY EURYTOMIDAE 
This family contains a number of both phytophagous and en- 
tomophagous species. Many form galls in the stems of grasses 
and other plants; some are parasites of gall-forming Diptera and 
Hymenoptera; a few are egg parasites of Orthoptera; and others 
are parasites of various tree-infesting Coleoptera. Adults are 
usually black and the abdomen is rounded or oval and somewhat 
compressed. 
Eurytoma pissodis Girault is one of the most important para- 
sites of the white pine weevil. The adult is dull black on the 
thorax, glossy black on its shining abdomen, has conspicuous red 
eyes, and is from 3 to 6 mm. long. Eggs are laid on full-grown 
weevil larvae and winter is spent as a prepupa within the pupal 
cell of the host. Parasitization of at least 50 percent has been 
recorded in some white pine weevil infestations. 
Species parasitic on other important forest insects include the 
following: Eurytoma verticillata (F.)—on the European pine 
shoot moth; E. pini Bugbee—on the European pine shoot moth, 
Nantucket pine tip moth, bagworm, and Rhyacionia rigidana,; E. 
tylodermatis Ashm.—on the hickory shuckworm, European pine 
shoot moth, and Nantucket pine tip moth; and BE. magdalidis 
Ashm.—on the southern pine beetle and Pityophthorus 
liquidambarus. 
ATT 
