COURTESY ILL. NAT. HIST. SURV. 
FIGURE 198.—Large oak-ap- 
ple gall caused by Amphi- 
bolips confluenta. 
Dryocosmus quercuspalustris (O. 8.) (=Callirhytis palustris) , 
the succulent oak gall, occurs from southern Canada and New 
England to Iowa and Florida. It produces somewhat circular, suc- 
culent galls from 9 to 12 mm. in diameter on the leaves or axils of 
staminate flowers of red oaks. The galls are fleshy walled and 
hollow, except for a free-rolling cell about 2.5 mm. in diameter. 
Xanthoteras forticorne (O. 8.) (=Biorhiza forticornis), the 
oak fig gall, produces galls on the leaves, twigs, and stems of 
white oaks in the Eastern States north of Virginia. Early in the 
season they are reddish and bladderlike. Sometimes they occur in 
dense clusters several inches long around a twig. When they do, 
the irregular masses look like pressed figs. 
SUPERFAMILY PROCTOTRUPOIDEA 
As far as known, all members of this superfamily are parasitic 
on the immature stages of other insects. The group as a whole 
seems to be rather poorly known, and most of the North American 
species are still undescribed. The adults of the majority of species 
are black, often shiny, and small to extremely small in size. The 
smaller ones resemble chalcids, but differ in having the pronotum 
extend laterally to the tegulae and the ovipositor issue from the 
end of the abdomen. In many of the smaller species, the wings are 
almost veinless; in others, the wings are entirely absent. 
FAMILY EVANIIDAE 
Members of this small family of spider-like wasps are parasitic 
in the egg capsules of cockroaches. Adults are about 10 to 15 mm. 
long and are distinguished by very small, oval abdomens attached 
by petioles to the propodeum considerably above the base of the 
hind coxae. The majority of described species occur in eastern 
United States. 
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