FOREST-TREES OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 
No. 372. Abies nigra, Poir.—Black Spruce.—New England and Alle- 
ghany Mountains. This tree has much the same range as the preceding, 
occasionally being found farther south on the Alleghanies. In favor- 
able situations, it forms quite a large tree, about 75 feet high, tall and 
straight. The wood is light, elastic, and strong, and valuable for many 
purposes. 
No. 373. Abies Canadensis, Michx.—Hemlock.—New England to Wis- 
consin. A well-known tree of the Northern States, extending north- 
ward to Hudson’s Bay, and southward along the mountains to North 
Carolina. It is one of the most graceful of spruces, with a light and 
spreading spray, frequently branching almost to the ground. The wood 
is coarse-grained, but is used in great quantities for rough work. The 
bark is very extensively employed in tanning. 
No. 374. Abies Mertensiana, Lind.—Western Hemlock.—California 
and Oregon. This tree closely resembles the A. Canadensis. It grows 
from 100 to 150 feet high, and forms a roundish, conical head. The 
timber is said to be soft and white, and difficult to split. 
No. 375. Abies Williamsoni, New.—Williamson’s Spruce.—California 
and Oregon. Grows on the Sierras of California and on the Cascade 
Mountains of Oregon, on high peaks of 8,000 to 12,000 feet altitude. A 
very graceful tree, attaining a height of 150 feet. The wood is of excel- 
lent quality, but is too rare and inaccessible to be much known. 
No. 376. Abies Douglasii, Lind.—D s’s Spruce.—Rocky Mount- 
ains. This species grows throug ky Mountain region from 
Colorado to Nootka Sound. On t coast, it sometimes attains 
the immense size of 200 to 300 feet in he , and a diameter of trunk of 
S$ to 15 feet. Its timber composes the great lumber wealth of Oregon 
and Washington Territory. The wood is soft and easily worked, much 
prized for masts, spars, and plank for ship-building, and is equally val- 
uable for other building purposes. A tree cut by Mr. A. J. Dufur was 
6 feet 4 inches in diameter 30 feet from the base, and 321 feet long. 
No. 377. Abies Douglas, var. macrocarpa, Torr. — Large - coned 
Spruce.—Southern California. This was collected many years ago on 
the mountains east of San Diego, Cal.; in 1874 sent to the Department 
of Agriculture by Mr. F. M. Ring, of San Bernardino, Cal.: and collected 
last summer by Dr. Palmer at San Felipe Canon, east of San Diego. It 
has cones four or five times the size of Douglasw, and will probably be 
confirmed as a new species. 
No. 378. Abies Menziesii, Dougl.—Menzies’s Spruce.—Rocky Mount- 
ains. This species has a wide range in the Rocky Mountains from Col- 
orado and Utah to Oregon and Sitka. It grows mostly at high alti- 
tudes, 7,000 to 9,000 feet. “In Utah,” Mr. Ward says, “it is easily dis- 
tinguished from the other firs by the dense masses of its long, pendant, 
_ dark-brown cones at the top of the tree, which frequently obscure the 
_ foliage. The wood is fine-grained and white, and would be valuable for 
timber but for the numerous slight curves in the trunk, which render it 
impossible to obtain saw-logs of any great length. In some places it is 
incorrectly called balsam, in others it is distinguished as spruce.” Mr. 
Dufur, of Oregon, gives a somewhat different account of the tree as 
growing there. He says: “It grows along the tide-lands and about 
the mouth of the Columbia River, and is seldom found at an elevation of 
more than 500 feet. The young trees make a beautiful evergreen of 
pyramidal form. The large trees grow from 150 to 200 feet high, and 
from 2 to 6 feet in diameter. The wood is soft, white, and free, much 
_ prized for lumber.” 
No. 379, Abies Hngelmanni, Parry.—Engelmann’s Spruce.— Rocky 
o 
