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among the filbrous [fibrous] roots, and that it be well settled,
by treading the earth around it- with these precautions,
I have never found the necessity of stakes.
The tops of young trees should never be shortened,
lest it should produce a growth of suckers:  I would
recommend in preference, that they be thinned, if found
too heavy:  if the trees have been long out of the 
ground, and the roots have become shrivelled at the
time of planting, the labour of pouring a pail full of
water round each tree, will be amply repaid in the 
success it will ensure in their growth.

The looser the ground is kept for the first, and indeed
for several succeeding years, the more certain
and more vigorous will be the growth of the orchard-
in the luxuriance and colour of the foliage of contiguous
plantations, I have found every stage of cultivation
strongly marked: those orchards which have been two
years under cultivation, exhibit a striking superiority
over those which have been but one year under the
plough; while these, in their turn, surpass the fields
in clover or in grain, both in the quantity and size of
the fruit:  when clover is sown in young orchards, I
have been in the habit of digging the earth for about
three feet, at the root of each tree:  A man will dig
round one hundred trees in a day; the trifling loss of
grass and labour, will be fully remunerated [renumerated]by the improved
vigour of the tree.  When the ground can be
spared from cropping, four or five furrows on each
side of a row, will be found a most eligible mode of
promoting the growth of a young orchard.

All fallow crops are most favourable to the growth
of orchards, at every early stage of their cultivation-
indian corn, potatoes, and vines, are preferable to oats
or barley; and these again are more favourable than
winter grain:  Buckwheat is among the most beneficial
crops for the promotion of the autumnal growth of
trees- clover is, by many farmers, believed to be injurious
to young trees; its tendency to check the growth
of trees will be found, I believe, to be in proportion to
the air and moisture which is greater or less vigorous

        