THE HAWKWEEDS, OR PAINTBRUSHES. 
CONTENTS. 
E Page. Page 
DO ee 2 eS eee es = ee 3 | Eradication—Continued. 
Orange hawkweed - 2. 2222-22. 5-2-2. 2: 3 Hand methods=—. 222532 2s ee eee 6 
vader oS ae ee 5 | Guléiyaiion:- = 2-2. 2 eee 7 
Yellow field hawkweed__..._......-.-.-. 5 Improving the turf. ....- ieee 7 
PereeataeE$ SEs oe ee Ss Sa 2 ee 6 | SPEYINE. <- S22 22. Soe 7 
Pie iat 3-82 - S s  ee 6 | Precautionary measures. -.............-.---- 7 
Ras cee SE SS 6 
DESCRIPTIONS. 
There are a number of species of hawkweeds introduced into the 
United States that may be considered as weeds, three of which are 
noxious. The:hawkweeds are usually most troublesome in pastures 
and hayfields and are found only occasionally on cultivated land. 
The three noxious species are the following: 
ORANGE HAWKWEED. 
Orange hawkweed! is also known as deyil’s-paintbrush, red daisy, 
flameweed, devil’s-weed, and grim-the-collier (fig. 1). It was first 
introduced from Europe into New England because of its attractive 
flame-colored flowers. Originally a garden ornamental, the plant 
escaped its bounds and has established itself as one of the worst 
pasture and hayfield weeds of New England, New York, and 
Pennsylvania. 
Orange hawkweed is recognized by its matted hairy leaves and 
handsome flowers, each about an inch in diameter and usually red on 
the margin, merging into an orange-colored center. The flowering 
branches, or shoots, grow from a few inches to 2 feet in height; they 
are leafless and covered with stiff black hairs. The plant becomes a 
perennial through its creeping aboveground and underground stems. 
It possesses two important means of reproduction: (1) The runners, 
forming new plants in a manner similar to strawberry runners (fig. 1, 
A), and (2) the seeds, which are wind distributed (fig. 1, B). 
Orange hawkweed is a weed principally in permanent meadows 
and grasslands and is seldom troublesome in rich soil. 
1 Hieracium aurantiacum. 
118°—20 3 
