ar 
cheaper; hence it is often used to adulterate cinnamon. The unex 
panded flower-buds are sold as Cassia-buds, possessing properties simi- 
lar to those of the bark. It is grown in Southern China, Java, and 
tropical countries generally. 
CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA.—The Velvet plant of tropical countries. The 
root furnishes the Paretra brava of druggists, which is used in medi- 
cine. 
CISTUS OREDICUS. —This plant yields gum Ladanum or Labdanum. 
It is a native of Crete, and other islands of the Mediterranean. The 
gum is collected during the heat of the day, by trailing or tossing a 
bunch of leather thongs over the bushes, to which the gum adheres. It 
is also collected from the beards of goats which browse among the 
plants. The gum emits a pleasant balsamic odor, from the presence of 
a volatile oil. It was formerly used in medicine, now principally as a 
perfume. 
Cirrus LimonuM.—The Lemon; this plant is found growing natu- 
rally in that part of India which is beyond the Ganges. It was un- 
known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. It issupposed to have been 
brought to Italy by the Crusaders. Arabian writers of the twelfth cen- 
tury notice the Lemon as being cultivated in Egypt and other places. 
The varieties of the Lemon are very numerous, and valued for their 
agreeable acid juice and essential oil. They keep for a considerable 
time, especially if steeped for a short period in salt water. 
CITRUS MEDICA.—The Citron; is found wild in the forests of Northern 
India. The Jews cultivated the Citron at the time they were under sub- 
jection to the Romans, and used the fruit in the Feast of the Taber- 
nacles. There is no proof of their having known the fruit in the time 
of Moses, but it is supposed that they found it at Babylon, and brought 
it into Palestine. The citron is cultivated in China and Cochin-China. 
It is easily naturalized, and the seeds are rapidly spread. In its wild 
state it grows erect; the branches are spiny, the flowers purple on the 
outside and white on the inside. The fruit furnishes the essential oil of 
eitron and the essential oil of cedra. There are several varieties ; the 
fingered citron is a curious fruit, and the Madras citron is very long and 
narrow; the skin is covered with protuberances. 
Cirrus LimeETraA.—The Lime is used for the same purposes as the 
lemon, and by some it is preferred, the juice being considered more 
wholesome, and the acid more agreeable. There are several varieties, 
some of them being sweet and quite insipid. 
CITRUS DECUMANA.—The Shaddock ; has the largest fruit of the fam- 
ily. It is a native of China and Japan, where it is known as Sweet Ball. 
The pulp is acid or sub-acid, and in some varieties nearly sweet. From 
the thickness of the skin the fruit will keep a considerable time without 
injury. 
Cirrus AURANTIUM.——The Orange is generally supposed to be a na- 
tive of the north of India. It was introduced to Arabia during the 
ninth century. It was unknown in Europe in the eleventh century. 
Oranges were cultivated at Seville toward the end of the twelfth céntury, 
and at Palermo in the thirteenth. In the fourteenth century they were 
plentiful in several parts of Italy. There are many varieties of the 
orange in cultivation. The blood- red, or Malta, is much esteemed; the 
fruit is round, reddish-yellow outside, ‘and the pulp irregularly mottled 
with crimson. The Mandarin or Tangerine orange has a thin rind 
which separates easily from the pulp, and is very sweet and rich. The 
St. Michael’s orange is one of the most productive and delicious varie- 
ties, with a thin rind and very sweet pulp. The Seville or Bitter orange 
