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brushes, and for articles of turnery-ware; the finest mottled pieces are 
cut into veneers, and used for cabinet-inaking. | 
CHRYSOBALANUS Icaco.—The Cocoa Plum of the West Indies. The 
fruits are about the size of a plum, and are of various colors, white, yel- 
low, red, or purple. The pulp is sweet, a little austere, but not disagree- 
able. The fruits are preserved and exported from Cuba and other West 
India islands. The kernels yield a fixed oil, and an emulsion made with 
them is used medicinally. 
CHRYSOPHYLLUM CAINITO.—The fruit of this plant is known in the 
West Indies as the Star apple, the interior of which, when cut across, 
shows ten cells, and as many seeds disposed regularly round the center, 
giving a star-like appearance, as stars are generally represented in the 
most reliable almanacs. It receives its botanic name from the golden 
silky color on the underside of the leaves. 
Crpotium BARoMETZ.—The Tartarian Lamb about which ancient 
travelers have told so wondrous a tale, of a plant growing on the plains 
west of the Volga, having the appearance of a lamb. The lamb was 
said to grow upon a stalk, upon which it turned and bent to the herb- 
age which served for its food, and when the grass dried up it died. The 
enudex of this plant presents a rude appearance of an animal covered 
with silky hair, and in old plants this silky mass is large and light-col- 
ored. This fibrous substance is used as ¢ styptic; this property is at- 
tributable to the rapidity with which its filaments, acting by capillary 
attraction, absorb the aqueous particles of the blood, and thus causes 
its immediate coagulation. It is a very beautiful fern. 
CINCHONA CALISAYA.—The yellow bark of Bolivia. This is one of 
the so-called Peruvian Bark trees. The discovery of the medicinal value 
of this bark is a matter of fable and conjecture. The name Cinchona is 
derived from the wife of a viceroy of Peru, who is said to have taken the 
drug from South America to Europe in 1639. Afterward, the Jesuits 
used it; hence it is sometimes called Jesuit’s bark. It was brought most 
particularly into notice when Louis XIV of France purchased of Sir R. 
Talbor, an Englishman, his heretofore secret remedy for intermittent 
fever, and made it public. 
There are various barks in commerce classified under the head of 
Peruvian barks. Their great value depends upon the presence of cer- 
tain alkaloid substances called quinine, cinchonine, and quinidine, which 
exist in the bark in combination with tannic and other acids. Quinine 
is the most useful of these alkaloids, and this is found in greatest quan- 
tities in Calisaya bark. The gray bark of Huanueco is derived from 
Cinchona micrantha, which is characterized by its yield of cinchonine, 
and the Loxa or Loja barks are furnished in part by Cinchona officinalis, 
and are especially rich in quinidine. There is some uncertainty about 
the trees that produce the various kinds of bark. These trees grow in 
the forests of Boiivia and Peru, at various elevations on the mountains, 
but chiefly in sheltered mountain valleys, and all of them ata consid- 
erable distance below the ae or snow line. They are destroyed by 
the slightest frost. 
CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM.—A. tree belonging to the Lauracee, 
which furnishes the best cinnamon. It is prepared by stripping the 
bark from the branches, when it rolls up into quills, the smaller of which 
are introduced into the larger, and then dried in the sun. Cinnamon is 
much used as a condiment for its pleasant flavor, and its astringent 
properties are of medicinal value. It is cultivated largely in Ceylon. 
CINNAMOMUM CAssIA.—This furnishes Cassia bark, which is much 
like cinnamon, but thicker, coarser, stronger, less delicate in flavor, and 
