industry, when it is considered that inspection is voluntary and paid for by 
the industry. . 
STATES PARTICIPATE IN STANDARDIZATION PROGRAM 
Since the Department of Agriculture had recommended grades for only a 
few. products prior to 1922, it was necessary to make some inspections on the 
basis of the State grades then in force. It is well to note that during the 
period when the Federal Government was developing its standardization and 
inspection programs, similar programs were being conducted hy the various 
States. The States began to pass legislation pertaining to the standardization 
and grading of various products in an attempt to abolish some of the Abuses 
to which the industry had been subjected for a number of years. 
New York was really the pioneer State to enact ‘standardization legislation. 
A law was passed there in 1909 providing that no person could sell or brand 
apples, pears, or peaches as grown in New York State unless they actually had 
been produced within the State. This act was amended in 1grr to include 
the first grade requirements for apples. In 1913 Montana and Maine passed 
the first mandatory apple-grading laws. In 1914 the State of New York passed 
similar legislation and Massachusetts, Delaware, Connecticut, and California 
followed with apple-grading legislation in 1915. Several other States issued 
grades for apples and other products, either by legislation or regulation, prior 
to 1919. 
Enactment of State standardization legislation really began in earnest follow- 
ing World War I when most of the so-called general State standardization 
laws were passed. These laws served to provide the States with the necessary 
authority to establish official standards for the grading and inspection of fruits 
and vegetables and other products. Most of such laws authorize an officer in 
authority, such as the commissioner of agriculture or the director of markets, 
to promulgate official standards for fruits, vegetables, and other products, as 
well as standards for containers of those products. Provisions are usually made 
for the appointment of inspectors, charging of fees for inspection, making 
certificates prima-facie evidence in all State courts, prescribing rules for the 
marking of containers, and making such rules and regulations as necessary for 
conducting a standardization and inspection program. 
To give the history of all the State legislation that has been enacted with 
respect to the standardization of fruits and vegetables would require volumes 
and the information would not be particularly pertinent to this discussion. 
Suffice it to say that to date all States except Iowa have passed one or more 
laws on the subject. In 40 States laws specifically require that U. S. standards 
shall be official for one or more products, or an officer with authority by law 
has officially promulgated U. S. standards for one or more products. States 
not included in this group are Arizona, California, lowa, New Mexico, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Rhode Island, and Wyoming. However, in all of 
these States except Rhode Island, U. S. standards are used very extensively as 
a basis for packing most of the commercial fruits and vegetables produced. 
RAPID PROGRESS IN ISSUING STANDARDS SINCE 1921 
Beginning in 1922, the standardization project in the newly created Bureau 
of Agricultural Economics, which took over the duties of the Bureau of Markets 
and Crop Estimates, was able to increase substantially its issuance of standards. 
In that year, grades for asparagus, cauliflower, celery, cucumbers, lettuce, 
peaches, and tomatoes were issued and those for cabbage and potatoes were 
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