Such is the range of the Saiga at present. As already shown, it was much 
wider than now even within the period of history. But when we go back 
into the Pleistocene times we have good evidence that the Saiga had a very 
much more extensive range, its fossil remains having been obtained from the 
caverns and superficial deposits of Hungary, Belgium, and Southern France. 
In the last-named country the researches of French paleontologists have 
proved that its bones and teeth occur in considerable numbers in certain of 
the cave deposits in the Departments of Vienne, Dordogne, Tarn-et-Garonne, 
and Haute-Garonne. Moreover, as shown by Mons. Gervais, at least one 
recognizable sketch of the head of the Saiga has been found on an artificially 
incised bone of the character so often met with in caverns where relics of 
human handiwork occur. It appears, therefore, that the Saiga inhabited 
Western Europe as late as the era of Paleolithic man, and was, moreover, in 
all probability one of the objects of his chase. 
Still more interesting, however, is it to find that, as shown by Mr. A. Smith 
Woodward in a paper read before the Zoological Society in 1890, the Saiga 
was also found in former days in Great Britain. During excavations made 
in that year in the Pleistocene deposits near Twickenham, a fine example of 
the frontlet and horn-cores of an adult male Satya tatarica was discovered. 
By the kindness of the Zoological Society we are enabled to reproduce the 
figure of this interesting specimen (fig. 50, p. 39), which was. exhibited by 
Mr. A. Smith Woodward on the occasion in question, and is now in the 
gallery of the British Museum. 
Finally we may mention that, as has been recorded by Prof. Nehring, there 
have been discovered in Moravia remains of a Saiga differing from the living 
species in having three, in place of two, lower premolars*. From the occurrence 
of these remains, and those of other mammals now characteristic of the 
steppes in Western Europe, it has been argued by geologists that steppe-like 
conditions and climate must formerly have prevailed over large districts that 
have now quite changed their character. 
The Saiga has occasionally, but not often, been brought alive to the 
menageries of Western Europe. In 1564 and 1865 young male specimens 
of this Antelope were first received from Moscow by the Zoological Society 
of London. In November 1866 a pair of Saigas was deposited in the 
* Saiga prisca, Nehring, N. Jahrb. f. Min., Geol. u. Pal. ii. p- 131 (1891). 
