54 METAMORPHOSES. 
here, and still retained in many parts of the Continent, Linné has called it 
the pupa state, and an insect when under this form a pupa — terms which 
will be here adopted in the same sense. In this state most insects eat no 
food; are incapable of locomotion ; and, if opened, seem filled with a 
watery fluid, in which no distinct organs can be traced. Externally, how- 
ever, the shape of the pupa of different tribes varies considerably, and 
different names have been applied to them. 
Those of the beetle and bee tribes are covered with a membranous skin, 
enclosing in separate and distinct sheaths the external organs, as the an- 
tenn, legs, and wings, which are consequently not closely applied to the 
body, but have their form for the most part clearly distinguishable. To 
these Aristotle originally gave the name of nymphe*, which was continued 
by Swammerdam and other authors prior to Linné (who calls them i 
complete pup), and has been adopted by many English writers on 
insects. 
Butterflies, moths, and some of the two-winged tribe, are in their pupa 
state also enclosed in a similar membranous enyelope; but their legs, 
antenna, and wings, are closely folded over the breast and sides; and the 
whole body enclosed in a common case or covering of a more horny con- 
sistence, which admits a much less distinct view of the organs beneath it. 
As these pup are often tinged of a golden colour, they were called from 
this circumstance chrysalides by the Greeks, and aurelie by the Romans, 
both which terms are in some measure become anglicized; and though not 
strictly applicable to ungilded pupa, are now often given to those of all 
lepidopterous insects.® These by Linné are denominated obtected pupe. 
I have said that mosf insects eat no food in the pupa state. This quali- 
fication is necessary, because in the metamorphoses of insects, as in all 
her other operations, nature proceeds by measured steps, and a very con- 
siderable number (the tribe of locusts, cockroaches, bugs, spiders, &e.) 
not only greatly resemble the perfect insect in form, but are equally 
capable with it of eating and moving. As these insects, however, cast 
their skins at stated periods, and undergo changes, though slight, in their 
1 Hist. Anim. 1. 5. ¢. 10. 
2 Inexplanation of the terms Lepidoptera, Lepidopterous, Coleoptera, &c., which 
will frequently occur in the following pages before coming regularly to definitions, 
it is necessary here to state that they have reference to the names given by entomo- 
ogists to the different orders or tribes-of insects, as under: — 
1. Coleoptera, consisting of Beetles. 
2. Strepsiptera, of the genera Xenos and Stylops. 
3. Dermaptera, of the Harwigs. 
4, Orthoptera, of Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Spectres, 
Mantes, &c. 
5. Hemiptera, consisting of Bugs, Cicade, Water-scorpions, Water-boai-men, 
Plant-lice, Cochineal Insects, &c. 
6. Trichoptera, consisting of the flies produced by the various species of Case- 
worms, Phryganea, L. 
7. Lepidoptera, consisting of Butterflies, Hawhmoths, and Moths. 
8. Neuroplera, consisting of Dragon-flies, Ant-lions, Ephemera, &c. 
9. Hymenoptera, consisting of Bees, Wasps, and other insects armed with a sting 
or ovipositor, and its valves. 
10. Diptera, consisting of Flies, Gnats, and other two-winged insects. 
11, Aphaniptera, consisting of the Flea tribe. 
12. Aptera, of Mites 
