HABITATIONS OF INSECTS. 257 
which Reaumur received from Cyprus! ; and others again to two-winged 
flies, as the woody galls of the thistle caused by Zrypeta Cardui?, and 
the cottony galls found on ground ivy, wild thyme, &c., as well as a very 
singular one on the juniper resembling a flower, described by De Geer*, 
all which are the work of minute gall-gnats (Cecidomyie Latr.). Some of 
these last convert even the flowers of plants into a kind of galls, as 7. Loft 
of De Geer‘, which inhabits the blossoms of Lotus corniculatus ; and one 
which I have myself observed to render the flowers of Hrysimum Barbarea 
like a hop blossom. A similar monstrous appearance is communicated to 
the flowers of Zeucrium supinum by a little field-bug, Tingis Tucrii of 
Host ®, and to another plant of the same genus by one of the same tribe 
described by Reaumur.® In these two last instances, however, the habita- 
tions do not seem strictly entitled to the appellation of galls, as they ori- 
ginate not from the egg, but from the larva, which, in the operation of 
extracting the sap, in some way imparts a morbid action to the juices, 
causing the flower to expand unnaturally; and the same remark is appli- 
cable to the gall-like swellings formed by many Aphides, as A. Pistacie, 
which causes the leaves of different species of Pistacia to expand into red 
finger-like cavities ; A, Adielis, which converts the buds or young shoots 
of the fir into a very beautiful gall, somewhat resembling a fir-cone, or a 
pine-apple in miniature ; and A. Bursari@, which with its brood inhabits 
angular utriculi on the leaf-stalk of the black poplar, numbers of which I 
have observed on those trees by the road-side from Hull to Cottingham. 
The majority of galls are what entomologists have denominated monotha- 
lamous, or consisting of only one chamber or cell ; but some are polytha- 
Jamous, or consisting of several. 
Among the more remarkable galls are those so much resembling minute 
fungi as to have been actually described as such ; as Sclerolium fasciculatum 
Schumacher, which is a common gall on oak leaves; and the Rev. M. J. 
Berkeley has given an account of a similar one found by W. 8. MacLeay, 
Esq., in Cuba, on the leaf of a plant of the order Ochnacee, which on a 
cursory examination was regarded by some of our first botanists as an 
epiphytous fungus, but proved on dissection to be a true gall, and distin- 
guished from all previously known by its very curious operculum or lid, 
evidently meant for the more ready egress of the occupant (which has not 
yet been ascertained) in its perfect state.” 
Having thus described the most remarkable of the habitations constructed 
by the parent insects for the accommodation of their future young, I pro- 
ceed to the second kind mentioned ; namely, those which are formed by 
the insect itself for its own use. These may be again subdivided into 
such as are the work of the insects in their larva state ; and such as are 
formed by perfect insects. 
Many larvee of all orders need no other habitations than the holes which 
they form in seeking for, or eating, the substances upon which they feed. 
Of this description are the majority of subterranean larva, and those 
which feed on wood; as the Bostrichi or labyrinth beetles ; the Anodia, 
which excayate the little circular holes frequently met with in ancient furs 
1 Reaum, iii, 448, 2 Ibid, 455, 5 Do Geer, vi. 409. 
Thid. vi, 421, 5 Jacquin Collect, ii, 255, 
Reaum, iii, 427. 7 Trans, Linn, Soc. xviii. 576, 
