NOISES OF INSECTS. 487 
may cause some motion in them, enough to occasion friction. With 
respect to Diptera, Latreille contends that the noise of flies on the wing 
cannot be the result of friction, because their wings are then expanded ; 
but though to us flies seem to sail through the air without moving these 
organs, yet they are doubtless all the while in motion, though too rapid for 
the eye to perceive it. When the aphidivorous flies are hovering, the ver- 
tical play of their wings, though very rapid, is easily seen ; but when they 
fly off it is no longer visible. Repeated experiments have been tried to 
ascertain the cause of sound in this tribe, but it should seem with different 
results. De Geer, whose observations were made upon one of the flies 
just mentioned, appears to have proved that, in the insect he examined, 
the sounds were produced by the friction of the root or base of the wings 
against the sides of the cavity in which they are inserted. To be con- 
vinced of this, he affirms, the observer has nothing to do but to hold each 
wing with the finger and thumb, and stretching them out, taking care not 
to hurt the animal, in opposite directions, thus to prevent their motion, — 
and immediately all sound will cease. For further satisfaction he made 
the following experiment. He first cut off the wings of one of these flies 
very near the base; but finding that it still continued to buzz as before, 
he thought that the winglets and poisers, which he remarked were in a 
constant vibration, might occasion the sound. Upon this, cutting both off, 
he examined the mutilated fly with a microscope, and found that the 
remaining fragments of the wings were in constant motion all the time that 
the buzzing continued ; but that upon pulling them up by the roots all 
sound ceased.t Shelver’s experiments, noticed in my last letter, go to 
prove, with respect to the insects that he examined, that the winglets are 
more particularly concerned with the buzzing. Upon cutting off the wings 
of a fly—but he does not state that he pulled them up by the roots—he 
found the sound continued. He next cut off the poisers—the buzzing 
went on. This experiment was repeated eighteen times with the same result. 
Lastly, when he took off the winglets, either wholly or partially, the buzz- 
ing ceased. This, however, if correct, can only be a cause of this noise in 
the insects that have winglets. Numbers have them not. He next, there- 
fore, cut off the poisers of a crane-fly (Tipula crocata), and found that it 
buzzed when it moved the wing. He cut off half the latter, yet still the 
sound continued ; but when he had cut off the: whole of these organs the 
sound entirely ceased.? 
Dr. Burmeister, however, was led by his experiments to a different con- 
clusion. Finding that the buzz of a large fly (Zristalis tena) still con- 
tinued after the winglets, the poisers, and even the wings had been quite 
cut off except their very stumps (only in this last case the sound was 
somewhat weaker and higher), he conceived that the spiracles lying between 
the meso- and meta-thorax must be the instruments of the sound, which 
accordingly he found to cease entirely when they were stopped with gum, 
though hile the wings were in vibration. Pursuing his researches, he 
extracted one of these spiracles, and opening it carefully, found its poste- 
rior and inner lip, which is directed towards the commencement of the 
trachea, to be expanded into a small flat crescent-shaped plate, upon which 
are nine parallel very delicate horny lamine, the central one being the 
1 Do Geer, vi. 13, 2 Wiedemann’s Archiv. ii. 210, 217. 
I14 
