INSTINCT OF INSECTS. 563 
A similar instance of knowledge gained by experience in the hive-bee is 
related by Mr. Wailes. He observed that all the bees, on their first visit 
to the blossoms of a passion-flower (Passiflora eerulea) on the wall of his 
house, were for a considerable time puzzled by the numerous overwrapping 
rays of the nectary, and only after many trials, sometimes lasting two or 
three minutes, succeeded in finding the shortest way to the honey at the 
bottom of the calyx ; but experience having taught them this knowledge, 
they afterwards constantly proceeded at once to the most direct mode of 
obtaining the honey; so that he could always distinguish bees that had 
been old visiters of the flowers from new ones, the last being invariably at 
first long ata loss, while the former flew at once to their object.* 
My third fact is supplied by the same ants whose sagacious choice of 
the vicinity of Reaumur’s glass hives for their colony has been just related 
to you. He tells us that of these ants, of which there were such swarms 
on the outside of the hive, not a single one was ever perceived within ; 
and infers that, as they are such lovers of honey, and there was no dif- 
ficulty in finding crevices to enter in at, they were kept without, solely 
from fear of the consequences. Whence arose this fear? We have no 
ground for supposing ants endowed with any instinctive dread of bees ; 
and Reaumur tells us, that when he happened to leave in his garden hives 
of which the bees had died, the ants then never failed to enter them and 
regale themselves with the honey. It seems reasonable, therefore, to 
attribute it to experience. Some of the ants, no doubt, had tried to 
enter the peopled as they did the empty hive, but had been punished for 
their presumption ; and the dear-bought lesson was not lost on the rest of 
the community. 
The fourth instance under this head which I shall mention is that sup- 
plied by an Indian species of ant (Iormica indefessa, Sykes). A colony of 
these voracious insects in Col. Sykes’s house at Poona having been cir- 
cumvented in their repeated and successful attacks on the sweetmeats 
always left on a side-board, when it was removed to a distance from the 
p. 550., on the variations in the mode in which humble-bees pierce, as above de- 
scribed, the long-tubed corollas of different labiated plants. In Stachys coccinea, 
Mirabilis Jalapa, and Salvia coccinea, each corolla had a hole on its upper side near 
the base, whereas in Salvia Grahami, which has amore elongated calyx, this part also 
was also invariably pierced ; and in Pentstemon argutus the rather broader corolla had 
always two holes, in order to give the bees more ready access to the nectar on both 
sides of the germen, All these holes are on the upper side of the base of the corolla; 
but in the common Antirrhinum they are on the under side, so as to be directly in 
front of the nectary. ‘Town-educated humble-bees Mr. Darwin found always draw 
off the nectar from these last-named flowers growing in the London Zoological 
Gardens through these artificial orifices ; while from two years’ observations he is 
persuaded that their rustic brethren are less clever, and invariably gain access to the 
nectar of snap-dragons growing in the country by forcing open the elastic lower lip 
and creeping into the flower. Possibly different species or sexes of humble-bees 
may be here concerned ; but one instance, in which the same individual bee cut 
holes in the base of some flowers of Rhododendron azaleoides and entered the mouth of 
others, seems as strong a proof of reason as can well be imagined, as the proceedings 
of the little animal were evidently varied according to the varying necessity of the 
case; and if, as Mr. Darwin thinks he has observed, the hive-bees frequenting these 
flowers by degrees came to discover and avail themselves of the orifices made by the 
humble-bees, this fact, as he justly remarks, offers a very striking proof of acquired 
knowledge in insects, 
1 Entom, Mag. i, 525. 2 Reaum. vy. 709. 
